NSG 3280 PATHO EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? - ANSWER ✔ Nerve tissue
struggles with anaerobic metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased
oxygen.
2. What is ischemia? - ANSWER ✔ Cell death.
3. What is hypoxia? - ANSWER ✔ Decreased oxygen leading to mitochondrial
failure and cell damage.
4. What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - ANSWER ✔ Glutamate.
5. What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? - ANSWER ✔ Ischemia
increases glutamate release.
6. What are the effects of too much glutamate? - ANSWER ✔ Increased
calcium and water enter the cell, causing calcium overload and cytotoxic
edema.
,7. What does excessive glutamate production lead to? - ANSWER ✔ Increased
production of nitrous oxide, free radical formation, and cell death.
8. Etiology of Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Idiopathic (most common);
Secondary: drugs, toxins
9. Pathogenesis of Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Loss of dopaminergic
neurons in substantia nigra; ↓ dopamine in basal ganglia; Lewy bodies (α-
synuclein); 75-80% neurons lost before symptoms.
10.Clinical Manifestations of Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Bradykinesia,
Resting tremor (pill-rolling), Rigidity, Postural instability, Mask-like face,
Shuffling gait, Micrographia, Dysphagia, Autonomic dysfunction
11.Treatment options for Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Levodopa +
Carbidopa, Dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, Amantadine, Deep brain
stimulation
12.Cure status for Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ No cure.
13.Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Permanent, nonprogressive motor disorder
from early brain damage.
14.Types of Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Spastic (most common), Dyskinetic,
Ataxic, Mixed.
15.Causes of Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Prenatal infection, Hypoxia,
Trauma, Prematurity, Low birth weight.
,16.Treatment options for Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Muscle relaxants,
Botox, Orthopedic surgery, Braces, Rehabilitation.
17.Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Excess CSF accumulation.
18.Obstructive Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Noncommunicating type of
hydrocephalus.
19.Communicating Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Type of hydrocephalus
where CSF can flow between ventricles.
20.Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) - ANSWER ✔ Type of
hydrocephalus characterized by a triad of symptoms.
21.NPH triad - ANSWER ✔ Gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, dementia.
22.Treatment for Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Ventriculoperitoneal shunt and
endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
23.A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would
be
a. systemic manifestations of inflammation.
b. localized pain in weight-bearing joints.
c. reduced excretion of uric acid by the kidney.
d. firm, crystallized nodules or -tophill at the affected joints. - ANSWER
✔ a. systemic manifestations of inflammation.
, 24.Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of
rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that
rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be:
a. caused by bacterial infection.
b. an autoimmune process.
c. An infective process
d. Because of an enzymatic defect - ANSWER ✔ b. an autoimmune
process.
25.In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with:
a. debilitating joint pain and stiffness.
b. improvement in symptoms with aspirin therapy.
c. changes in activities of daily living.
d. systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system. - ANSWER ✔ D.
systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system.
26.Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is:
a. rheumatic disease attributed to wear and tear on weight-bearing joints.
b. septic joint inflammation and necrosis.
c. unknown etiologic factors.
d. autoimmune mechanisms. - ANSWER ✔ d. autoimmune mechanisms.
27.Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk
for developing numerous complications of various organs because of:
a. excessive production of connective tissue.
b. formation of osteophytes in tissues.
c. immune injury to basement membranes.
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? - ANSWER ✔ Nerve tissue
struggles with anaerobic metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased
oxygen.
2. What is ischemia? - ANSWER ✔ Cell death.
3. What is hypoxia? - ANSWER ✔ Decreased oxygen leading to mitochondrial
failure and cell damage.
4. What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - ANSWER ✔ Glutamate.
5. What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? - ANSWER ✔ Ischemia
increases glutamate release.
6. What are the effects of too much glutamate? - ANSWER ✔ Increased
calcium and water enter the cell, causing calcium overload and cytotoxic
edema.
,7. What does excessive glutamate production lead to? - ANSWER ✔ Increased
production of nitrous oxide, free radical formation, and cell death.
8. Etiology of Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Idiopathic (most common);
Secondary: drugs, toxins
9. Pathogenesis of Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Loss of dopaminergic
neurons in substantia nigra; ↓ dopamine in basal ganglia; Lewy bodies (α-
synuclein); 75-80% neurons lost before symptoms.
10.Clinical Manifestations of Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Bradykinesia,
Resting tremor (pill-rolling), Rigidity, Postural instability, Mask-like face,
Shuffling gait, Micrographia, Dysphagia, Autonomic dysfunction
11.Treatment options for Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ Levodopa +
Carbidopa, Dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, Amantadine, Deep brain
stimulation
12.Cure status for Parkinson Disease - ANSWER ✔ No cure.
13.Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Permanent, nonprogressive motor disorder
from early brain damage.
14.Types of Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Spastic (most common), Dyskinetic,
Ataxic, Mixed.
15.Causes of Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Prenatal infection, Hypoxia,
Trauma, Prematurity, Low birth weight.
,16.Treatment options for Cerebral Palsy - ANSWER ✔ Muscle relaxants,
Botox, Orthopedic surgery, Braces, Rehabilitation.
17.Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Excess CSF accumulation.
18.Obstructive Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Noncommunicating type of
hydrocephalus.
19.Communicating Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Type of hydrocephalus
where CSF can flow between ventricles.
20.Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) - ANSWER ✔ Type of
hydrocephalus characterized by a triad of symptoms.
21.NPH triad - ANSWER ✔ Gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, dementia.
22.Treatment for Hydrocephalus - ANSWER ✔ Ventriculoperitoneal shunt and
endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
23.A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would
be
a. systemic manifestations of inflammation.
b. localized pain in weight-bearing joints.
c. reduced excretion of uric acid by the kidney.
d. firm, crystallized nodules or -tophill at the affected joints. - ANSWER
✔ a. systemic manifestations of inflammation.
, 24.Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of
rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that
rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be:
a. caused by bacterial infection.
b. an autoimmune process.
c. An infective process
d. Because of an enzymatic defect - ANSWER ✔ b. an autoimmune
process.
25.In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with:
a. debilitating joint pain and stiffness.
b. improvement in symptoms with aspirin therapy.
c. changes in activities of daily living.
d. systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system. - ANSWER ✔ D.
systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system.
26.Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is:
a. rheumatic disease attributed to wear and tear on weight-bearing joints.
b. septic joint inflammation and necrosis.
c. unknown etiologic factors.
d. autoimmune mechanisms. - ANSWER ✔ d. autoimmune mechanisms.
27.Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk
for developing numerous complications of various organs because of:
a. excessive production of connective tissue.
b. formation of osteophytes in tissues.
c. immune injury to basement membranes.
