Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*
Risk - ANSWER-Factor that when present increases the chance of
disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Prevalence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine
a person's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of
prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a
population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease
existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine
a person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given
period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed
cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a
disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - ANSWER-The quantitative relation between two amounts
showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within
the other.
Primary Prevention - ANSWER-Altering susceptibility or reducing
exposure for susceptible persons
,*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER-Early detection, screening, and
management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing
disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - ANSWER-study of the patterns of disease involving
populations; examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence,
transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic - ANSWER-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - ANSWER-When a disease is disseninated to many individals
at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - ANSWER-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions,
perhaps spreading worldwide.
,(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* -
ANSWER-
Homeostasis - ANSWER-A state of being in which all systems are in
balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - ANSWER-Point where body can no longer return to
homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - ANSWER-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an
excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear
and tear" on the body
Adaptation - ANSWER-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally
based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - ANSWER-Includes alterations in responsiveness to
homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to
changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - ANSWER-Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
, Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - ANSWER-
Endocrine Communication - ANSWER-Hormones traveling in the
bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - ANSWER-Neurons firing information
through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - ANSWER-Signaling through the extraceullar
fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - ANSWER-Localized signaling in which the
secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - ANSWER-Rapid, self-propagating
electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into
the cell) and close in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*
Risk - ANSWER-Factor that when present increases the chance of
disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Prevalence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine
a person's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of
prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a
population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease
existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - ANSWER-A measure of disease that allows us to determine
a person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given
period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed
cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a
disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - ANSWER-The quantitative relation between two amounts
showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within
the other.
Primary Prevention - ANSWER-Altering susceptibility or reducing
exposure for susceptible persons
,*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER-Early detection, screening, and
management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing
disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - ANSWER-study of the patterns of disease involving
populations; examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence,
transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic - ANSWER-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - ANSWER-When a disease is disseninated to many individals
at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic - ANSWER-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions,
perhaps spreading worldwide.
,(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* -
ANSWER-
Homeostasis - ANSWER-A state of being in which all systems are in
balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - ANSWER-Point where body can no longer return to
homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - ANSWER-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an
excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear
and tear" on the body
Adaptation - ANSWER-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally
based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - ANSWER-Includes alterations in responsiveness to
homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to
changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - ANSWER-Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
, Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - ANSWER-
Endocrine Communication - ANSWER-Hormones traveling in the
bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - ANSWER-Neurons firing information
through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - ANSWER-Signaling through the extraceullar
fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - ANSWER-Localized signaling in which the
secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - ANSWER-Rapid, self-propagating
electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into
the cell) and close in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
