1
Developmental psychology module 2
Inhoud
Chapter 9................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 11................................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 12: Family..................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 13: Roles....................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 14: Moral development................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 9
psychoanalytic theories
- Freud psychosexual development (oral anal phallic latency and genital .)
- Id; part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.
- Ego; the executive director, part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal
with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical.
- Superego; part of the personality that acts as a moral center.
- Erikson’s theory psychosocial development ( 8 stages): Erikson proposed eight age-
related stages of development that span infancy to old age. Each stage is characterized by a
specific crisis, or set of developmental issues, that the individual must resolve. (stage
theorists)
1. Basic Trust Versus Mistrust (the 1st year).
2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (ages 1 to 3½).
3. Initiative Versus Guilt (ages 4 to 6).
4. Industry Versus Inferiority (age 6 to puberty).
5. Identity Versus Role Confusion (adolescence to early adulthood).
- current perspectives ( Freud Erikson and kismet)
learning theories
- Watson’s behaviorism (classical conditioning)
- skinners operant conditioning (reinforcements)
- social learning theory (bandura; observation and imitation)
- current perspectives (kismet)
theories of social cognition
self socialization, individual differences, active child, continuity/discontinuity,
- Selman’s stage theory of role taking; the ability to take on ones perspective.
- dodge information processing theory of social problem solving
- a hostile attributional bias: a general expectation that others are antagonistic to them
- Hostile attributional biases become self-fulfilling prophecies: a child’s aggressive
retaliation to the presumed hostile act of a peer elicits counterattacks and rejection by
peers, further fueling the child’s belief in the hostility of others.
- Dweck theory of self attributions and achievement motivation: According to Carol
Dweck’s social cognition perspective (2006), the difference in their reaction is attributable to
a difference in their achievement motivation—that is, in whether they are motivated by
learning goals, seeking to improve their competence and master new material, or by
performance goals, seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid
negative assessments
- incremental view of intelligence, the belief that intelligence can be developed through
effort
- entity/helpless orientation a tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring
aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
, 2
- incremental/mastery orientation a general tendency to attribute success and failure to
the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
- current perspectives
ecological theories
- ethology, evolutionary concepts ; adapt and survival rates, imprinting, sensitive period,
experience-expectant processes
- evolutionary psychology; natural selection and adaptation human behavior of Darwin,
-bioecological model; (Urie Bronfenbrenner) child environment a set of nested structures each
inside the next (Russian doll), child = center and each layer is characteristics genes gender
age etc.
children and media influence
Term Definition
The desire to achieve success or accomplish goals, often
Achievement Motivation
influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
A stage in Freud’s psychosexual development (1-3 years),
Anal Stage focusing on toilet training and control, leading to future attitudes
about order and discipline.
Attention-Deficit A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention,
Hyperactivity Disorder hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with daily
(ADHD) functioning.
A technique using reinforcement and punishment to encourage
Behavior Modification
desired behaviors and reduce undesired ones.
In Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, it refers to how life
Chronosystem events and transitions over time influence an individual’s
development.
In Freud’s theory, the part of the personality that mediates
Ego
between the id’s desires and the superego’s moral standards.
The belief that intelligence or ability is a fixed trait that cannot
Entity Theory
be significantly changed.
Entity/Helpless A mindset where individuals view failure as a result of personal
Orientation incompetence rather than a chance to improve.
Areas of the body that are sensitive to stimulation and play a
Erogenous Zones
key role in Freud’s psychosexual stages of development.
The study of animal and human behavior from an evolutionary
Ethology
perspective, focusing on innate behaviors.
In Bronfenbrenner’s model, it includes external systems that
Exosystem
indirectly influence a person, such as a parent’s workplace.
Freud’s final psychosexual stage, starting in adolescence, where
Genital Stage
sexual interests mature and focus on adult relationships.
The tendency to interpret others’ behaviors as having hostile
Hostile Attribution Bias
intent, even when it is unclear or ambiguous.
In Freud’s theory, the unconscious part of the mind driven by
Id
basic instincts and desires, seeking immediate gratification.
A rapid, innate form of learning in which young animals or
Imprinting
humans form strong attachments during a critical early period.
The belief that intelligence or ability can be developed over time
Incremental Theory
through effort and learning.
Incremental/Mastery A mindset focused on learning, effort, and persistence, where
Developmental psychology module 2
Inhoud
Chapter 9................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 11................................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 12: Family..................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 13: Roles....................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 14: Moral development................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 9
psychoanalytic theories
- Freud psychosexual development (oral anal phallic latency and genital .)
- Id; part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.
- Ego; the executive director, part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal
with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical.
- Superego; part of the personality that acts as a moral center.
- Erikson’s theory psychosocial development ( 8 stages): Erikson proposed eight age-
related stages of development that span infancy to old age. Each stage is characterized by a
specific crisis, or set of developmental issues, that the individual must resolve. (stage
theorists)
1. Basic Trust Versus Mistrust (the 1st year).
2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (ages 1 to 3½).
3. Initiative Versus Guilt (ages 4 to 6).
4. Industry Versus Inferiority (age 6 to puberty).
5. Identity Versus Role Confusion (adolescence to early adulthood).
- current perspectives ( Freud Erikson and kismet)
learning theories
- Watson’s behaviorism (classical conditioning)
- skinners operant conditioning (reinforcements)
- social learning theory (bandura; observation and imitation)
- current perspectives (kismet)
theories of social cognition
self socialization, individual differences, active child, continuity/discontinuity,
- Selman’s stage theory of role taking; the ability to take on ones perspective.
- dodge information processing theory of social problem solving
- a hostile attributional bias: a general expectation that others are antagonistic to them
- Hostile attributional biases become self-fulfilling prophecies: a child’s aggressive
retaliation to the presumed hostile act of a peer elicits counterattacks and rejection by
peers, further fueling the child’s belief in the hostility of others.
- Dweck theory of self attributions and achievement motivation: According to Carol
Dweck’s social cognition perspective (2006), the difference in their reaction is attributable to
a difference in their achievement motivation—that is, in whether they are motivated by
learning goals, seeking to improve their competence and master new material, or by
performance goals, seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid
negative assessments
- incremental view of intelligence, the belief that intelligence can be developed through
effort
- entity/helpless orientation a tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring
aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
, 2
- incremental/mastery orientation a general tendency to attribute success and failure to
the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
- current perspectives
ecological theories
- ethology, evolutionary concepts ; adapt and survival rates, imprinting, sensitive period,
experience-expectant processes
- evolutionary psychology; natural selection and adaptation human behavior of Darwin,
-bioecological model; (Urie Bronfenbrenner) child environment a set of nested structures each
inside the next (Russian doll), child = center and each layer is characteristics genes gender
age etc.
children and media influence
Term Definition
The desire to achieve success or accomplish goals, often
Achievement Motivation
influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
A stage in Freud’s psychosexual development (1-3 years),
Anal Stage focusing on toilet training and control, leading to future attitudes
about order and discipline.
Attention-Deficit A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention,
Hyperactivity Disorder hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with daily
(ADHD) functioning.
A technique using reinforcement and punishment to encourage
Behavior Modification
desired behaviors and reduce undesired ones.
In Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, it refers to how life
Chronosystem events and transitions over time influence an individual’s
development.
In Freud’s theory, the part of the personality that mediates
Ego
between the id’s desires and the superego’s moral standards.
The belief that intelligence or ability is a fixed trait that cannot
Entity Theory
be significantly changed.
Entity/Helpless A mindset where individuals view failure as a result of personal
Orientation incompetence rather than a chance to improve.
Areas of the body that are sensitive to stimulation and play a
Erogenous Zones
key role in Freud’s psychosexual stages of development.
The study of animal and human behavior from an evolutionary
Ethology
perspective, focusing on innate behaviors.
In Bronfenbrenner’s model, it includes external systems that
Exosystem
indirectly influence a person, such as a parent’s workplace.
Freud’s final psychosexual stage, starting in adolescence, where
Genital Stage
sexual interests mature and focus on adult relationships.
The tendency to interpret others’ behaviors as having hostile
Hostile Attribution Bias
intent, even when it is unclear or ambiguous.
In Freud’s theory, the unconscious part of the mind driven by
Id
basic instincts and desires, seeking immediate gratification.
A rapid, innate form of learning in which young animals or
Imprinting
humans form strong attachments during a critical early period.
The belief that intelligence or ability can be developed over time
Incremental Theory
through effort and learning.
Incremental/Mastery A mindset focused on learning, effort, and persistence, where
