RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |
ALREADY GRADED A+<RECENT
VERSION>
1. passive immunity - ANSWER Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific
antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized
individual
2. Examples of passive immunity - ANSWER IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG
crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)
3. Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid) - ANSWER 135-
145 MEQ/L
4. Calcium value normal range - ANSWER 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 MEQ/L
5. Phosphate value normal range - ANSWER 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
6. Magnesium value normal range - ANSWER 1.5-2.5 MEQ/L
7. Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) -
ANSWER 23-30 MEQ/L
8. Condition of high sodium>145 MEQ/L - ANSWER hypernatremia
,9. Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL - ANSWER Hyperphosphatemia
10. condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL - ANSWER hypercalcemia
11. Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning
of living beings
12. Pathology - ANSWER the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of
organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
13. 4 topics of pathophysiology - ANSWER pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
treatment
14. pathogenesis - ANSWER development or evolution of a disease
15. clinical manifestation - ANSWER signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
16. exacerbation - ANSWER a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease
or any of its signs and symptom
17. remission - ANSWER decline in severity of symptoms
18. sequela - ANSWER a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous
disease or injury
19. acute - ANSWER sudden onset and short duration
20. chronic - ANSWER long term
21. Primary level of prevention - ANSWER altering susceptibility; reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
,22. Example of primary prevention - ANSWER Immunization, health/sex ed, quit
smoking drinking or poor diet.
23. Secondary level of prevention - ANSWER -conduction activities that help prevent
a worsening health status by detection or management of diseases
24. examples of secondary prevention - ANSWER Self breast exams, yearly cancer
screenings, proper management of diabetes
25. Tertiary level of prevention - ANSWER -supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability ex: preventing
pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury
26. Examples of tertiary prevention - ANSWER rehabilitation after brain injury,
surgery to correct chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic
symptoms
27. 3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - ANSWER alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage
of exhaustion
28. adaptation/resistance stage - ANSWER trying to return to homeotasis
29. alarm stage - ANSWER fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids
(cortisol and aldostrone)
30. exhaustion stage - ANSWER cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources
depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
31. where is fluid excreted? - ANSWER skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels,
urine (largest amount from urine)
, 32. Causes of extracellular fluid deficits - ANSWER loss of total body sodium-
Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
33. what is the electrolyte pool? - ANSWER bone marrow reservoir for calcium,
magnesium and phosphate
34. causes of edema - ANSWER increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of
plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability
35. Hypokalemia S/S - ANSWER altered muscle function and weakness, Abd
distention, bloating, diminished bowels sounds, constipation, Dysrhythmias, Flat T
waves on ECG, hyper polarization leads to less reactive to stimuli, postural hypo
tension
36. Hypercalcemia S/S - ANSWER Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V,
Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk
for DVT
37. Hyponatremia S/S - ANSWER hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness, Lethargy,
Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma, Death
38. Hypernatremia S/S - ANSWER S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
eye twitching
39. Hypophosphatemia S/S - ANSWER ↓Cardiac Output and Contractility
Slowed Respirations
Weakness
↓DTR
↓Bone Density
Irritability/Confusion/Seizures
↓Platelet aggregation
↑Bleeding
Immunosupression
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS |
ALREADY GRADED A+<RECENT
VERSION>
1. passive immunity - ANSWER Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific
antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized
individual
2. Examples of passive immunity - ANSWER IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG
crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)
3. Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid) - ANSWER 135-
145 MEQ/L
4. Calcium value normal range - ANSWER 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 MEQ/L
5. Phosphate value normal range - ANSWER 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
6. Magnesium value normal range - ANSWER 1.5-2.5 MEQ/L
7. Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) -
ANSWER 23-30 MEQ/L
8. Condition of high sodium>145 MEQ/L - ANSWER hypernatremia
,9. Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL - ANSWER Hyperphosphatemia
10. condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL - ANSWER hypercalcemia
11. Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning
of living beings
12. Pathology - ANSWER the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of
organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
13. 4 topics of pathophysiology - ANSWER pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
treatment
14. pathogenesis - ANSWER development or evolution of a disease
15. clinical manifestation - ANSWER signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
16. exacerbation - ANSWER a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease
or any of its signs and symptom
17. remission - ANSWER decline in severity of symptoms
18. sequela - ANSWER a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous
disease or injury
19. acute - ANSWER sudden onset and short duration
20. chronic - ANSWER long term
21. Primary level of prevention - ANSWER altering susceptibility; reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
,22. Example of primary prevention - ANSWER Immunization, health/sex ed, quit
smoking drinking or poor diet.
23. Secondary level of prevention - ANSWER -conduction activities that help prevent
a worsening health status by detection or management of diseases
24. examples of secondary prevention - ANSWER Self breast exams, yearly cancer
screenings, proper management of diabetes
25. Tertiary level of prevention - ANSWER -supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability ex: preventing
pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury
26. Examples of tertiary prevention - ANSWER rehabilitation after brain injury,
surgery to correct chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic
symptoms
27. 3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - ANSWER alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage
of exhaustion
28. adaptation/resistance stage - ANSWER trying to return to homeotasis
29. alarm stage - ANSWER fight or flight response
reduced resistance to stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids
(cortisol and aldostrone)
30. exhaustion stage - ANSWER cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources
depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
31. where is fluid excreted? - ANSWER skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels,
urine (largest amount from urine)
, 32. Causes of extracellular fluid deficits - ANSWER loss of total body sodium-
Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
33. what is the electrolyte pool? - ANSWER bone marrow reservoir for calcium,
magnesium and phosphate
34. causes of edema - ANSWER increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of
plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability
35. Hypokalemia S/S - ANSWER altered muscle function and weakness, Abd
distention, bloating, diminished bowels sounds, constipation, Dysrhythmias, Flat T
waves on ECG, hyper polarization leads to less reactive to stimuli, postural hypo
tension
36. Hypercalcemia S/S - ANSWER Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V,
Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk
for DVT
37. Hyponatremia S/S - ANSWER hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness, Lethargy,
Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma, Death
38. Hypernatremia S/S - ANSWER S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst
eye twitching
39. Hypophosphatemia S/S - ANSWER ↓Cardiac Output and Contractility
Slowed Respirations
Weakness
↓DTR
↓Bone Density
Irritability/Confusion/Seizures
↓Platelet aggregation
↑Bleeding
Immunosupression
