PUBH 302 EXAM 1 GALLOWAY STUDY GUIDE 2026
Determinants of health - Answers -risk factors, risk conditions
Can be environmental, social & behavioral influences (not just indiv. Influence)
4 Main Types:
•Heredity (16%)*
•Social/Physical Environment (22%)*
•Access to Health Care Services (8%)*
•Behavior (54%)*
Risk factors - Answers -- set of common causes of death, disability, illness and injury
○ Ex: behavioral- smoking, poor diet, lack of PA, alcohol consumption
○ More likely to be under the control of individuals at risk
Risk conditions - Answers -○ Ex: biological (age, sex, genetics), environmental,
enforcement of policies
○ Less likely to be under the control of individuals
Lifestyle - Answers -pattern of behavior; more complex, lifetime habits and social
Circumstances
3 levels of prevention - Answers -***primary, secondary, tertiary***
Primary prevention - Answers -***action taken to advert occurence of disease***
Secondary prevention - Answers -***action taken to identify diseases at their earliest
stages and to apply appropriate treatments to limit their consequences and severity***
Tetiary prevention - Answers -***specific interventions to assist diseased or disabled
persons in limiting the effects of their diseases or disabilities; also may include activities
to prevent reoccurrence of disease***
Hippocrates - Answers -Father of Western Medicine
Causal relationships
● Disease and climate, water, lifestyle, nutrition
● Illness had a physical and rational explanation
****Coined the term "Epidemic"****
William Henry - Answers -*** 1628 theories of circulation
First to suggest reproduction via sperm and egg
Used dissection to create theories (no microscope) ***
, Edward Jenner - Answers -1796 cowpox experiment
*****Coined the term "Vaccine" (vacca- latin for cow)****
Dr. John Snow - Answers --Physician and mathmetician
-Concerned about ****cholera outbreaks****
● ****Made careful observations of disease (who, where)****
● Developed a theory of the source of outbreak
- Basic epidemiology
Edwin Chadwick - Answers -***Published 3-volume "Survey into the Sanitation
Condition of the Laboring Classes in GB"*** ; Led to reforms in sanitation, healthcare
and treatment of
Poor/working classes; Appointed Sanitation Commissioner
Lemuel Shattuck - Answers -***Developed plan that led to the establishment of Board
of Health in Massachusetts***
First to identify major MA public health issues
● ***Accurate keeping of health records and vital PH stats***
● ***Sanitary inspection system***
● ***Vaccination program***
Louis Pasteur - Answers -● ***1862 germs caused many diseases***
● 1888 first public health lab
Robert Koch - Answers -● ***1883 identified the vibrio that caused cholera***
● Discovered tuberculosis bacterium
C. Everett Koop - Answers -**FIRST SURGEON GENERAL**
Anti-tobacco campaign
● ***Required rotating health warning labels***
● ***Smoke free society by 2000***
● 8 reports on the health consequences of tobacco. ***wrote nicotine was comparable
to heroin/cocaine addiction***. ***made aids a priority to health during the 80s (sent
pamphlet to all Americans)***
Ancient Greece - Answers -- ***Personal hygiene***
- ***Physical fitness (olympics)***
***Naturalistic concept (disease by imbalance between man and his environment) ***
Roman Empire - Answers --Adopted Greek health values
-***Great engineers (sewage, aqueducts)***
***Administration collected taxes (public baths, water supply, markets) ***
Middle Ages - Answers --Shift away from Greek and Roman values
● Physical body less important than spiritual self
● ***Decline of hygiene and sanitation***
Determinants of health - Answers -risk factors, risk conditions
Can be environmental, social & behavioral influences (not just indiv. Influence)
4 Main Types:
•Heredity (16%)*
•Social/Physical Environment (22%)*
•Access to Health Care Services (8%)*
•Behavior (54%)*
Risk factors - Answers -- set of common causes of death, disability, illness and injury
○ Ex: behavioral- smoking, poor diet, lack of PA, alcohol consumption
○ More likely to be under the control of individuals at risk
Risk conditions - Answers -○ Ex: biological (age, sex, genetics), environmental,
enforcement of policies
○ Less likely to be under the control of individuals
Lifestyle - Answers -pattern of behavior; more complex, lifetime habits and social
Circumstances
3 levels of prevention - Answers -***primary, secondary, tertiary***
Primary prevention - Answers -***action taken to advert occurence of disease***
Secondary prevention - Answers -***action taken to identify diseases at their earliest
stages and to apply appropriate treatments to limit their consequences and severity***
Tetiary prevention - Answers -***specific interventions to assist diseased or disabled
persons in limiting the effects of their diseases or disabilities; also may include activities
to prevent reoccurrence of disease***
Hippocrates - Answers -Father of Western Medicine
Causal relationships
● Disease and climate, water, lifestyle, nutrition
● Illness had a physical and rational explanation
****Coined the term "Epidemic"****
William Henry - Answers -*** 1628 theories of circulation
First to suggest reproduction via sperm and egg
Used dissection to create theories (no microscope) ***
, Edward Jenner - Answers -1796 cowpox experiment
*****Coined the term "Vaccine" (vacca- latin for cow)****
Dr. John Snow - Answers --Physician and mathmetician
-Concerned about ****cholera outbreaks****
● ****Made careful observations of disease (who, where)****
● Developed a theory of the source of outbreak
- Basic epidemiology
Edwin Chadwick - Answers -***Published 3-volume "Survey into the Sanitation
Condition of the Laboring Classes in GB"*** ; Led to reforms in sanitation, healthcare
and treatment of
Poor/working classes; Appointed Sanitation Commissioner
Lemuel Shattuck - Answers -***Developed plan that led to the establishment of Board
of Health in Massachusetts***
First to identify major MA public health issues
● ***Accurate keeping of health records and vital PH stats***
● ***Sanitary inspection system***
● ***Vaccination program***
Louis Pasteur - Answers -● ***1862 germs caused many diseases***
● 1888 first public health lab
Robert Koch - Answers -● ***1883 identified the vibrio that caused cholera***
● Discovered tuberculosis bacterium
C. Everett Koop - Answers -**FIRST SURGEON GENERAL**
Anti-tobacco campaign
● ***Required rotating health warning labels***
● ***Smoke free society by 2000***
● 8 reports on the health consequences of tobacco. ***wrote nicotine was comparable
to heroin/cocaine addiction***. ***made aids a priority to health during the 80s (sent
pamphlet to all Americans)***
Ancient Greece - Answers -- ***Personal hygiene***
- ***Physical fitness (olympics)***
***Naturalistic concept (disease by imbalance between man and his environment) ***
Roman Empire - Answers --Adopted Greek health values
-***Great engineers (sewage, aqueducts)***
***Administration collected taxes (public baths, water supply, markets) ***
Middle Ages - Answers --Shift away from Greek and Roman values
● Physical body less important than spiritual self
● ***Decline of hygiene and sanitation***
