BSNC 1000 UPDATED 2026 EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔how does our genetics and biology impact health? - ✔✔can predispose us to certain
illnesses
--> sickle cell anemia
✔✔how does our access to health services impact our health? - ✔✔accessible to all for
health maintenance, promotion, protection, disease prevention, and treatment if
population health is to be achieved.
✔✔how does gender impact health? - ✔✔indicates that some health problems and
health practices are gender specific
--> example, men are more likely than women to die prematurely from heart disease
✔✔how does culture impact health? - ✔✔predispose some groups to certain diseases;
implications for access to care.
✔✔what is the epidemiological triad? - ✔✔agent, host, environment
--> example
agent: common cold
host: you
environment: outside
✔✔What is the web of causation? - ✔✔schematic of how agents work together to cause
disease
--> multiple contributors
✔✔what is primary prevention? - ✔✔activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a
disease or injury
--> administering individual and mass immunizations
-->organizing community vaccination programs for influenza --> educating a community
about the importance of handwashing to prevent the spread of infection.
✔✔what is secondary prevention? - ✔✔seek to detect a disease early in its progression;
before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin
treatment
--> health screening programs to assess vision and hearing or to detect breast cancer,
cervical cancer, hypertension, and scoliosis.
✔✔what is tertiary prevention? - ✔✔after the condition has occurred; the goals are to
interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur, and
begin rehabilitation
--> cardiac rehabilitation at a local wellness center for groups of clients who have been
recently discharged from hospital following a cardiovascular event
,✔✔what is involved in chronic disease management (CDM)? - ✔✔-> ongoing, planned,
and integrated approach within an easily navigated system
-> multidisciplinary approach
-> health promotion and disease prevention strategies
->Patients should also be responsible for their control of health
✔✔Define growth and development - ✔✔Sequence of physical, psychosocial &
cognitive developmental changes that take place over the human lifespan
✔✔what are some growth and development risk factors in older adults? - ✔✔genetics,
prenatal factors, family factors, determinants of health, health status, toxic stress
✔✔what are the three aggregates of the older population? - ✔✔young-old: 65-74
middle-old: 75-84
old-old: 85+
✔✔what is the stochastic theory? - ✔✔aging is based on random events that cause
cellular damage that accumulate as organism ages
✔✔What is the nonstochastic theory? - ✔✔predetermined by age
--> grey hair, menopause
✔✔What is Erickson's psychosocial theory? - ✔✔Humans develop in 8 different stages
*8. Maturity (65-death)* - ego integrity vs. despair - reflection of life
✔✔what is the older adult stage in Erickson's theory? - ✔✔reflect on their lives until
satisfaction or regret (integrity vs. despair) can be fixated on a certain stage in their life
that they felt wasn't completed
✔✔what are some psychosocial changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔family changes --> death in family
retirement --> can be positive if they have a social circle
awareness of one's own mortality
widowhood
changes in income
shrinking social world
✔✔what are some functional changes that can occur with growth and development of
the older adult? - ✔✔capacity to perform day-to-day activities of daily living
--> decrease in ADL's are linked to illness or disease
--> performance of ADL's are sensitive indicator of health or illness
, ✔✔what are some factors that can improve the functional changes occurring in older
adults? - ✔✔-healthy and well
balanced diet
- paced and appropriate activity
- regularly meaningful activities
- use of stress management techniques
- avoidance of alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs
✔✔what are some symptoms of cognitive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔delirium;depression;dementia
✔✔what are cognitive conditions that are NOT normal in older adults? -
✔✔disorientation
loss of language and skills
loss of ability to calculate
poor judgement
✔✔what are physiological integumentary changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- wrinkles (due to loss of collagen and thinning of
epithelial layer)
- senile lentigo (age spots)
- angiomas (red lesions)
- seborrheic lesions (irregular, brown lesions)
✔✔what are physiological head and neck changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- more pronounced facial features due to loss of
subcutaneous fat
- visual acuity declines
- night vision declines
- hearing loss
✔✔what are physiological thorax and lungs changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-respiratory muscle strength decreases
- calcification of costal cartilage
- kyphosis caused by osteoporosis
✔✔what are physiological heart and vascular changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-decreased CO caused by reduced strength of
myocardium
- BP becomes abnormal (hyper/hypotension)
-peripheral pulse becomes weaker
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔how does our genetics and biology impact health? - ✔✔can predispose us to certain
illnesses
--> sickle cell anemia
✔✔how does our access to health services impact our health? - ✔✔accessible to all for
health maintenance, promotion, protection, disease prevention, and treatment if
population health is to be achieved.
✔✔how does gender impact health? - ✔✔indicates that some health problems and
health practices are gender specific
--> example, men are more likely than women to die prematurely from heart disease
✔✔how does culture impact health? - ✔✔predispose some groups to certain diseases;
implications for access to care.
✔✔what is the epidemiological triad? - ✔✔agent, host, environment
--> example
agent: common cold
host: you
environment: outside
✔✔What is the web of causation? - ✔✔schematic of how agents work together to cause
disease
--> multiple contributors
✔✔what is primary prevention? - ✔✔activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a
disease or injury
--> administering individual and mass immunizations
-->organizing community vaccination programs for influenza --> educating a community
about the importance of handwashing to prevent the spread of infection.
✔✔what is secondary prevention? - ✔✔seek to detect a disease early in its progression;
before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin
treatment
--> health screening programs to assess vision and hearing or to detect breast cancer,
cervical cancer, hypertension, and scoliosis.
✔✔what is tertiary prevention? - ✔✔after the condition has occurred; the goals are to
interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur, and
begin rehabilitation
--> cardiac rehabilitation at a local wellness center for groups of clients who have been
recently discharged from hospital following a cardiovascular event
,✔✔what is involved in chronic disease management (CDM)? - ✔✔-> ongoing, planned,
and integrated approach within an easily navigated system
-> multidisciplinary approach
-> health promotion and disease prevention strategies
->Patients should also be responsible for their control of health
✔✔Define growth and development - ✔✔Sequence of physical, psychosocial &
cognitive developmental changes that take place over the human lifespan
✔✔what are some growth and development risk factors in older adults? - ✔✔genetics,
prenatal factors, family factors, determinants of health, health status, toxic stress
✔✔what are the three aggregates of the older population? - ✔✔young-old: 65-74
middle-old: 75-84
old-old: 85+
✔✔what is the stochastic theory? - ✔✔aging is based on random events that cause
cellular damage that accumulate as organism ages
✔✔What is the nonstochastic theory? - ✔✔predetermined by age
--> grey hair, menopause
✔✔What is Erickson's psychosocial theory? - ✔✔Humans develop in 8 different stages
*8. Maturity (65-death)* - ego integrity vs. despair - reflection of life
✔✔what is the older adult stage in Erickson's theory? - ✔✔reflect on their lives until
satisfaction or regret (integrity vs. despair) can be fixated on a certain stage in their life
that they felt wasn't completed
✔✔what are some psychosocial changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔family changes --> death in family
retirement --> can be positive if they have a social circle
awareness of one's own mortality
widowhood
changes in income
shrinking social world
✔✔what are some functional changes that can occur with growth and development of
the older adult? - ✔✔capacity to perform day-to-day activities of daily living
--> decrease in ADL's are linked to illness or disease
--> performance of ADL's are sensitive indicator of health or illness
, ✔✔what are some factors that can improve the functional changes occurring in older
adults? - ✔✔-healthy and well
balanced diet
- paced and appropriate activity
- regularly meaningful activities
- use of stress management techniques
- avoidance of alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs
✔✔what are some symptoms of cognitive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔delirium;depression;dementia
✔✔what are cognitive conditions that are NOT normal in older adults? -
✔✔disorientation
loss of language and skills
loss of ability to calculate
poor judgement
✔✔what are physiological integumentary changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- wrinkles (due to loss of collagen and thinning of
epithelial layer)
- senile lentigo (age spots)
- angiomas (red lesions)
- seborrheic lesions (irregular, brown lesions)
✔✔what are physiological head and neck changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- more pronounced facial features due to loss of
subcutaneous fat
- visual acuity declines
- night vision declines
- hearing loss
✔✔what are physiological thorax and lungs changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-respiratory muscle strength decreases
- calcification of costal cartilage
- kyphosis caused by osteoporosis
✔✔what are physiological heart and vascular changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-decreased CO caused by reduced strength of
myocardium
- BP becomes abnormal (hyper/hypotension)
-peripheral pulse becomes weaker
