BSNC 1000 FINAL EXAM 2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔what are cognitive conditions that are NOT normal in older adults? -
✔✔disorientation
loss of language and skills
loss of ability to calculate
poor judgement
✔✔what are physiological integumentary changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- wrinkles (due to loss of collagen and thinning of
epithelial layer)
- senile lentigo (age spots)
- angiomas (red lesions)
- seborrheic lesions (irregular, brown lesions)
✔✔what are physiological head and neck changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- more pronounced facial features due to loss of
subcutaneous fat
- visual acuity declines
- night vision declines
- hearing loss
✔✔what are physiological thorax and lungs changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-respiratory muscle strength decreases
- calcification of costal cartilage
- kyphosis caused by osteoporosis
✔✔what are physiological heart and vascular changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-decreased CO caused by reduced strength of
myocardium
- BP becomes abnormal (hyper/hypotension)
-peripheral pulse becomes weaker
✔✔what are physiological changes in breasts that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- sag down due to decreased muscle
mass/elasticity
- atrophy of glandular tissue
- gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men) due to medications, hormonal changes or
obesity
- increased risk of breast cancer
✔✔what are physiological GI and abdominal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- increased deposition of fatty tissue in trunk
,- muscle tone is reduced
- reduced secretions and peristalsis (constipation, diarrhea, cramping)
- food intolerances
✔✔what are physiological reproductive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- menopause (decrease in estrogen and
progesterone)
✔✔what are physiological urinary changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔- hypertrophy of prostate gland
- UTI's
- urinary incontinence (stress incontinence caused by reduced bladder muscles)
✔✔what are physiological musculoskeletal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- muscle fibers decrease in size resulting in
decreased strength
- muscle is replaced with fat
✔✔what are physiological neurological changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- decreased number of neurons
- decreased coordination/motor control
- sleep disruptions (melatonin)
✔✔what are some reliable websites that produce credible clinical practice guidelines? -
✔✔BCCNM; CNA; NNPBC
✔✔what is capacity building? - ✔✔process of empowering others and strengthening
their capabilities
--> involves human resource and skill development, leadership, partnership, resource
allocation and policy formulation
✔✔what are the components of capacity building? - ✔✔health promotion; client
teaching and health education; chronic disease management; population health
✔✔Define health literacy - ✔✔ability to read, understand, and act on health information
✔✔what are the limits on health literacy? - ✔✔-less than a high-school education level
- chronic health conditions
- vision and hearing impairments
✔✔what are the consequences of poor health literacy? - ✔✔Inappropriate or no usage
of health care, Improper use of medicines, Poor health outcomes, or Poor self-
management of chronic conditions
, ✔✔what is chronic disease management? - ✔✔managing the symptoms of long-term
disease allowing patients to enjoy life
--> slow down progression of disease
--> assistance in controlling symptoms
--> coordination and planning of healthcare and patients with chronic and terminal
diseases
✔✔what are some age-related changes that you must keep in mind when educating
older adults? - ✔✔1. poor vision --> use adequate lighting, use bigger fonts, contrasting
colours, ask if they need glasses
2. hearing loss --> hearing aid if necessary, lower tone, face client, show you mouth
movements, don't assume they have hearing loss
3. slow to process information --> speak slowly, face client, be patient, check if patient
understood the info, have family member present for support
4. forgetfulness --> use reminder cues like calendar, phone alert or sticky notes; give
concrete examples that can be incorporated in their daily life like drinking water
5. easily tired
6. lacks interest in making a change --> ask clients their values, feelings and identify
their barriers and health literacy
7. challenges with fine motor skills --> modify the activities based on capability, practice
fine motor skills needed for their care, identify mobility barriers
8. distracted
✔✔what are the characteristics of chronic disease management linked to client
education? - ✔✔- self-management
- decision support
- deliver system design/ reorient health services
- information systems
- healthy public policy
- supportive environments
- community action
✔✔what are the domains of learning? - ✔✔cognition: discussion, storytelling, lecture,
question and answer, role play and discovery, independent projects
affective: role play, discussion (1:1 and group)
psychomotor: demonstrate, practice, return demonstrations, independent projects and
games
✔✔what are the first 3 A's in the 5A's learning method? - ✔✔Assess: knowledge skills,
confidence, importance the client assigns to health issue, their supports, and the
presence of barriers and risk factors
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔what are cognitive conditions that are NOT normal in older adults? -
✔✔disorientation
loss of language and skills
loss of ability to calculate
poor judgement
✔✔what are physiological integumentary changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- wrinkles (due to loss of collagen and thinning of
epithelial layer)
- senile lentigo (age spots)
- angiomas (red lesions)
- seborrheic lesions (irregular, brown lesions)
✔✔what are physiological head and neck changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- more pronounced facial features due to loss of
subcutaneous fat
- visual acuity declines
- night vision declines
- hearing loss
✔✔what are physiological thorax and lungs changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-respiratory muscle strength decreases
- calcification of costal cartilage
- kyphosis caused by osteoporosis
✔✔what are physiological heart and vascular changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔-decreased CO caused by reduced strength of
myocardium
- BP becomes abnormal (hyper/hypotension)
-peripheral pulse becomes weaker
✔✔what are physiological changes in breasts that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- sag down due to decreased muscle
mass/elasticity
- atrophy of glandular tissue
- gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men) due to medications, hormonal changes or
obesity
- increased risk of breast cancer
✔✔what are physiological GI and abdominal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- increased deposition of fatty tissue in trunk
,- muscle tone is reduced
- reduced secretions and peristalsis (constipation, diarrhea, cramping)
- food intolerances
✔✔what are physiological reproductive changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- menopause (decrease in estrogen and
progesterone)
✔✔what are physiological urinary changes that can occur with growth and development
of the older adult? - ✔✔- hypertrophy of prostate gland
- UTI's
- urinary incontinence (stress incontinence caused by reduced bladder muscles)
✔✔what are physiological musculoskeletal changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- muscle fibers decrease in size resulting in
decreased strength
- muscle is replaced with fat
✔✔what are physiological neurological changes that can occur with growth and
development of the older adult? - ✔✔- decreased number of neurons
- decreased coordination/motor control
- sleep disruptions (melatonin)
✔✔what are some reliable websites that produce credible clinical practice guidelines? -
✔✔BCCNM; CNA; NNPBC
✔✔what is capacity building? - ✔✔process of empowering others and strengthening
their capabilities
--> involves human resource and skill development, leadership, partnership, resource
allocation and policy formulation
✔✔what are the components of capacity building? - ✔✔health promotion; client
teaching and health education; chronic disease management; population health
✔✔Define health literacy - ✔✔ability to read, understand, and act on health information
✔✔what are the limits on health literacy? - ✔✔-less than a high-school education level
- chronic health conditions
- vision and hearing impairments
✔✔what are the consequences of poor health literacy? - ✔✔Inappropriate or no usage
of health care, Improper use of medicines, Poor health outcomes, or Poor self-
management of chronic conditions
, ✔✔what is chronic disease management? - ✔✔managing the symptoms of long-term
disease allowing patients to enjoy life
--> slow down progression of disease
--> assistance in controlling symptoms
--> coordination and planning of healthcare and patients with chronic and terminal
diseases
✔✔what are some age-related changes that you must keep in mind when educating
older adults? - ✔✔1. poor vision --> use adequate lighting, use bigger fonts, contrasting
colours, ask if they need glasses
2. hearing loss --> hearing aid if necessary, lower tone, face client, show you mouth
movements, don't assume they have hearing loss
3. slow to process information --> speak slowly, face client, be patient, check if patient
understood the info, have family member present for support
4. forgetfulness --> use reminder cues like calendar, phone alert or sticky notes; give
concrete examples that can be incorporated in their daily life like drinking water
5. easily tired
6. lacks interest in making a change --> ask clients their values, feelings and identify
their barriers and health literacy
7. challenges with fine motor skills --> modify the activities based on capability, practice
fine motor skills needed for their care, identify mobility barriers
8. distracted
✔✔what are the characteristics of chronic disease management linked to client
education? - ✔✔- self-management
- decision support
- deliver system design/ reorient health services
- information systems
- healthy public policy
- supportive environments
- community action
✔✔what are the domains of learning? - ✔✔cognition: discussion, storytelling, lecture,
question and answer, role play and discovery, independent projects
affective: role play, discussion (1:1 and group)
psychomotor: demonstrate, practice, return demonstrations, independent projects and
games
✔✔what are the first 3 A's in the 5A's learning method? - ✔✔Assess: knowledge skills,
confidence, importance the client assigns to health issue, their supports, and the
presence of barriers and risk factors
