BSNC 1000 EVALUATION EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔Define hypoxia - ✔✔An insufficiency of oxygen in the body's tissues
--> can cause cell damage
✔✔Define ischemia - ✔✔insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to the tissue
✔✔define anoxia - ✔✔complete lack of oxygen in the tissue
--> cell death
✔✔Define dyspnea - ✔✔shortness of breath
✔✔Define cyanosis - ✔✔a bluish discolouration of the skin or muscous membranes
resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of optimal gas exchange? - ✔✔ventilation
diffusion
perfusion
gas transport
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of impaired gas exchange? - ✔✔- hypoxemia
- abnormal breathing patterns
- abnormal arterial blood gasses
- restlessness
- cyanosis
- dyspnea
- coughing and nasal flaring
hypoxia
✔✔what are the risk factors of impaired gas exchange in an older adult? - ✔✔- chest
wall becomes stiffer and loss of elastic recoil --> reduced ventilation
- reduced strength of respiratory muscles --> reduced coughing (protective mechanism)
- less elastic and more fibrous alveoli --> reduced diffusion
- increased respiratory dead space --> reduced diffusion
- reduction in erythrocytes --> reduced oxygen transportation
- lowered immune response --> more prone to infection
✔✔Define health - ✔✔a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
,✔✔define community health - ✔✔the health status of a defined group of people and the
actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
✔✔what is the chain of infection? - ✔✔infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of
transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
-> infection develops if chain remains intact
✔✔what is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? - ✔✔group of chronic
progressive diseases characterized by airflow obstruction
-> 2 distinct diseases within: emphysema and chronic bronchitis
✔✔what factors can reduce airflow in the respiratory system? - ✔✔1. radius of the
airway (reduced radius --> reduced airflow)
2. number of parallel paths in the airway (less parallel paths --> more resistance to flow)
✔✔What is the epidemiology of COPD? - ✔✔- prevalence among men
- increase in women developing COPD due to increase in women smoking
- 4th common cause of death in canada
✔✔what are the risk factors for COPD? - ✔✔smoking tobocco --> 80-90% of people
with COPD have a history of smoking
genetics: inherited alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency
inhalation of irritants: occupation dust (painters, welders) and chemical fumes; air-
pollution; second-hand smoking
frequent childhood respiratory infections
aging
✔✔What is emphysema? - ✔✔loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of
airspace
✔✔what is chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔airflow limitation caused by inflammation and mucus
hyper secretion in response to chronic irritation
✔✔when is an older adult considered to be aging well? - ✔✔when they are achieving
self-integration of all aspects of aging
✔✔what is the scope of perfusion? - ✔✔optimal
, impaired
no perfusion
✔✔define infarction - ✔✔no blood supply to the tissues or organs
--> cell death
✔✔Define blood pressure - ✔✔the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall
✔✔what is peripheral resistance? - ✔✔resistance of the arteries to blood flow
✔✔why are older adults more at risk for impaired perfusion? - ✔✔- arterial stiffness -->
increases myocardium work load
- CO decreases due to decreased strength/stroke volume
- high salt
- medications
- less mobility
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of emphysema? - ✔✔"pink puffer"
- dyspnea
- minimal cough
- increased minute ventilation
- pink skin
- pursed-lip breathing
- accessory muscle use
- hyperinflation, barrel chest
- decreased breath sounds
- tachypnea
- cachexia
✔✔Define tachypnea - ✔✔rapid breathing
✔✔Define cachexia - ✔✔The weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in
chronic disease
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔"blue bloater"
- chronic, productive cough
- purulent sputum
- hemoptysis
- mild dyspnea initially
- cyanosis
- peripheral edema
- crackles, wheezes
- prolonged expiration
- obese
SOLUTIONS SCORED A+
✔✔Define hypoxia - ✔✔An insufficiency of oxygen in the body's tissues
--> can cause cell damage
✔✔Define ischemia - ✔✔insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to the tissue
✔✔define anoxia - ✔✔complete lack of oxygen in the tissue
--> cell death
✔✔Define dyspnea - ✔✔shortness of breath
✔✔Define cyanosis - ✔✔a bluish discolouration of the skin or muscous membranes
resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of optimal gas exchange? - ✔✔ventilation
diffusion
perfusion
gas transport
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of impaired gas exchange? - ✔✔- hypoxemia
- abnormal breathing patterns
- abnormal arterial blood gasses
- restlessness
- cyanosis
- dyspnea
- coughing and nasal flaring
hypoxia
✔✔what are the risk factors of impaired gas exchange in an older adult? - ✔✔- chest
wall becomes stiffer and loss of elastic recoil --> reduced ventilation
- reduced strength of respiratory muscles --> reduced coughing (protective mechanism)
- less elastic and more fibrous alveoli --> reduced diffusion
- increased respiratory dead space --> reduced diffusion
- reduction in erythrocytes --> reduced oxygen transportation
- lowered immune response --> more prone to infection
✔✔Define health - ✔✔a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
,✔✔define community health - ✔✔the health status of a defined group of people and the
actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
✔✔what is the chain of infection? - ✔✔infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of
transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
-> infection develops if chain remains intact
✔✔what is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? - ✔✔group of chronic
progressive diseases characterized by airflow obstruction
-> 2 distinct diseases within: emphysema and chronic bronchitis
✔✔what factors can reduce airflow in the respiratory system? - ✔✔1. radius of the
airway (reduced radius --> reduced airflow)
2. number of parallel paths in the airway (less parallel paths --> more resistance to flow)
✔✔What is the epidemiology of COPD? - ✔✔- prevalence among men
- increase in women developing COPD due to increase in women smoking
- 4th common cause of death in canada
✔✔what are the risk factors for COPD? - ✔✔smoking tobocco --> 80-90% of people
with COPD have a history of smoking
genetics: inherited alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency
inhalation of irritants: occupation dust (painters, welders) and chemical fumes; air-
pollution; second-hand smoking
frequent childhood respiratory infections
aging
✔✔What is emphysema? - ✔✔loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of
airspace
✔✔what is chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔airflow limitation caused by inflammation and mucus
hyper secretion in response to chronic irritation
✔✔when is an older adult considered to be aging well? - ✔✔when they are achieving
self-integration of all aspects of aging
✔✔what is the scope of perfusion? - ✔✔optimal
, impaired
no perfusion
✔✔define infarction - ✔✔no blood supply to the tissues or organs
--> cell death
✔✔Define blood pressure - ✔✔the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall
✔✔what is peripheral resistance? - ✔✔resistance of the arteries to blood flow
✔✔why are older adults more at risk for impaired perfusion? - ✔✔- arterial stiffness -->
increases myocardium work load
- CO decreases due to decreased strength/stroke volume
- high salt
- medications
- less mobility
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of emphysema? - ✔✔"pink puffer"
- dyspnea
- minimal cough
- increased minute ventilation
- pink skin
- pursed-lip breathing
- accessory muscle use
- hyperinflation, barrel chest
- decreased breath sounds
- tachypnea
- cachexia
✔✔Define tachypnea - ✔✔rapid breathing
✔✔Define cachexia - ✔✔The weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in
chronic disease
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔"blue bloater"
- chronic, productive cough
- purulent sputum
- hemoptysis
- mild dyspnea initially
- cyanosis
- peripheral edema
- crackles, wheezes
- prolonged expiration
- obese
