BIO 220 Exam 2
All living things are made of what common unit - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓made of cells
name 4 features (structures) that all cells have in common - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓-basic
shape (spherical, cubical, cylindrical formed by 1 cell membrane and sometimes a cell wall
-internal content (cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane)
-DNA chromosome
-ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
Name the 2 basic cell types: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Be sure that you remember the key differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓SUMMARY
eukaryotic:
*NUCLEUS
kingdom- animals plants fungi and protists
larger and contain organelles
prokaryotic:
*NO NUCLEUS
kingdoms- bacteria and archaea
no membrane-bound cells
Name 4 examples (kingdoms) of Eukaryotes: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Animals
,Plants
Fungi
Protists
Name 2 examples of Prokaryotes: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Bacteria and Archaea
List 6 key characteristics of life: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism
Response to stimulus
Cell support
Transport
Name 2 groups/purposes of appendages that prokaryotes have and give examples: - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓One for Motility- flagella
Other for Attachment or channels- fimbriae and pili
What are flagella made of? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓*Notice that flagella have complex
structures and are embedded within the cell wall and cell membrane.
protein called fleg
Label the flagella - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓
monotrichous flagellum - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓one flagellum
,lophotrichous flagella - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓small bunches emerging from the same site
amphitrichous - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓flagella at both ends of cell
peritrichous - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell; slowest
What 2 types of stimuli do bacteria respond to and what are these responses called? - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓1. chemotaxis (chemical stimuli - positive or negative)
2. phototaxis (light stimuli; +/-)
What are periplasmic flagella (where in the cell are they located) and how do they work? - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓internal flagella, enclosed in space between the outer sheath and the cell
wall peptidoglycan
produce cellular motility by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion
What shape are cells that typically have periplasmic flagella? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓spiral
organisms
What are fimbriae and what do they do? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓short hairs and function in
adhesion to a surface or another cell
What are pili and what do they do? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓little tubes that move on one
way; swap genetic information
What are 2 types of glycocalyces? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓1. Capsule
2. Slime layer
, Where are these layers located, and what are their functions? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER
✓✓located: external to the cell wall
function: protective in preventing dehydration and loss of nutrients, inhibit being killed by white
blood cells
What is a biofilm? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓good and bad
a group of bcger that live and work together on a surface (ex: tooth surface, catheter surface,
etc)
What layers make up the cell envelope? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓cell membrane and cell wall
Draw and label the layers of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell envelopes: - ✔ CORRECT
ANSWER ✓✓gram positive- cell membrane in yellow with thick layer of cell wall (peptidoglycan)
gram negative- cell membrane + periplasmic space thinner wall made of peptidoglycan outer
membrane (three layers) a lot more happens here
What is the function of the cell wall? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓give cell shape and prevent
lysis (bursting from pressure)
What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?
Describe the structure of this molecule: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓peptidoglycan is primary
component (alternating sugars linked by amino acids)
What is important about LPS in relation to infections? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER
✓✓lipopolysaccharide
All living things are made of what common unit - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓made of cells
name 4 features (structures) that all cells have in common - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓-basic
shape (spherical, cubical, cylindrical formed by 1 cell membrane and sometimes a cell wall
-internal content (cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane)
-DNA chromosome
-ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
Name the 2 basic cell types: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Be sure that you remember the key differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓SUMMARY
eukaryotic:
*NUCLEUS
kingdom- animals plants fungi and protists
larger and contain organelles
prokaryotic:
*NO NUCLEUS
kingdoms- bacteria and archaea
no membrane-bound cells
Name 4 examples (kingdoms) of Eukaryotes: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Animals
,Plants
Fungi
Protists
Name 2 examples of Prokaryotes: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Bacteria and Archaea
List 6 key characteristics of life: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism
Response to stimulus
Cell support
Transport
Name 2 groups/purposes of appendages that prokaryotes have and give examples: - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓One for Motility- flagella
Other for Attachment or channels- fimbriae and pili
What are flagella made of? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓*Notice that flagella have complex
structures and are embedded within the cell wall and cell membrane.
protein called fleg
Label the flagella - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓
monotrichous flagellum - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓one flagellum
,lophotrichous flagella - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓small bunches emerging from the same site
amphitrichous - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓flagella at both ends of cell
peritrichous - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell; slowest
What 2 types of stimuli do bacteria respond to and what are these responses called? - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓1. chemotaxis (chemical stimuli - positive or negative)
2. phototaxis (light stimuli; +/-)
What are periplasmic flagella (where in the cell are they located) and how do they work? - ✔
CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓internal flagella, enclosed in space between the outer sheath and the cell
wall peptidoglycan
produce cellular motility by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion
What shape are cells that typically have periplasmic flagella? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓spiral
organisms
What are fimbriae and what do they do? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓short hairs and function in
adhesion to a surface or another cell
What are pili and what do they do? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓little tubes that move on one
way; swap genetic information
What are 2 types of glycocalyces? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓1. Capsule
2. Slime layer
, Where are these layers located, and what are their functions? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER
✓✓located: external to the cell wall
function: protective in preventing dehydration and loss of nutrients, inhibit being killed by white
blood cells
What is a biofilm? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓good and bad
a group of bcger that live and work together on a surface (ex: tooth surface, catheter surface,
etc)
What layers make up the cell envelope? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓cell membrane and cell wall
Draw and label the layers of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell envelopes: - ✔ CORRECT
ANSWER ✓✓gram positive- cell membrane in yellow with thick layer of cell wall (peptidoglycan)
gram negative- cell membrane + periplasmic space thinner wall made of peptidoglycan outer
membrane (three layers) a lot more happens here
What is the function of the cell wall? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓give cell shape and prevent
lysis (bursting from pressure)
What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?
Describe the structure of this molecule: - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER ✓✓peptidoglycan is primary
component (alternating sugars linked by amino acids)
What is important about LPS in relation to infections? - ✔ CORRECT ANSWER
✓✓lipopolysaccharide
