,Contents
Chapter 1 Speaking of Statistics .................................................................................. 1
Chapter 2 Measurement in Statistics .......................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 Visual Displays of Data ............................................................................. 21
Chapter 4 Describing Data ......................................................................................... 44
Chapter 5 A Normal World........................................................................................ 63
Chapter 6 Probability in Statistics .............................................................................. 71
Chapter 7 Correlation and Causality .......................................................................... 83
Chapter 8 Inferences from Samples to Populations .................................................. 100
Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing .................................................................................. 108
Chapter 10 t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA ................................................. 123
Answers ...................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton!!University!!is!!47!!years.
A) Population B)!!Sample
2) A!!researcher!!examines!!the!!property!!tax!!records!!of!!84!!property!!owners!!in!!one!!city!!and!!finds!!that!!17
%!!are!!behind!!in!!their!! tax!!payments.
A) Population B)!!Sample
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
3) The!!average!!(mean)!!age!!of!!all!!63!!Associate!!Professors!!at!!Cliffton!!University!!is!!47!!years.
A) Statistic B)!!Parameter
4) A!!researcher!!examines!!the!!property!!tax!!records!!of!!84!!property!!owners!!in!!one!!city!!and!!finds!!that!!17
%!!are!!behind!!in!!their!! tax!!payments.
A) Statistic B)!!Parameter
5) Following!!the!!Republican!!National!!Convention,!!a!!poll!!of!!600!!voters!!in!!a!!central!!Illinois!!community!!
showed!!that!!57%!!expected!!the!!Republican!!ticket!!to!!win!!over!!the!!Democrat!!ticket!!no!!matter!!whom!!t!!
he!!Democrats!!chose!!for!!vice-
president.!!The!!margin!!of!!error!!was!!4!!percentage!!points.!!There!!are!!25,000!!registered!!voters!!in!!the!!c!!om
munity.!!Which!!range!!of!!values!!is!!likely!!to!!contain!!the!!population!!parameter?
A) 13,250!!to!!15,250 B)!!24,400!!to!!25,600
C)!!318!!to!!366 D)!!53%!!to!!61%
6) A!!poll!!of!!488!!citizens!!of!!Normal,!!Illinois,!!showed!!that!!65%!!favored!!strict!!enforcement!! of!!speed! ! limit
! ! s !!with !!a!!margin ! ! of!!error !!of!!4%. !!A!!second!!poll!!of!!495!!citizens!!of!!the!!same!!town !!showed!!that!!34%!!fa
vo!!red!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speed!!limits.!!Assuming!!that!!proper! ! sampling!!techniques!!were!!used!!in!!b
oth!!polls,!!one!!may!!conclude!!that
A) the!!percent!!of!!the!!population !!that!!favors!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speedfilimits!!is!!49.5%!!!!8%.
B) the!!percent!!of!!the!!population !!that!!favors!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speedfilimits!!is!!49.5%!!!!4%.
C) one!!or!!both!! of!!the!!samples!!may!!have!!been!!unlikelyfisamples!!from!!the!!population.
D) the!!percent!!of!!the!!population !!that!!favors!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speed!!limits!!is!!65%!!!!8%.
7) A!!poll!!of!!700!!attendees!!of!!the!!Taste!!of!!Chicago!!showed!!that!!445!!attendees,!!65%! ! of!!the!!sample,!!beli
!!eved!!that!!the!!food !!was!!overpriced. !!It!!is!!estimated!!that!!1,250,000!!people!!attend!!the!!Taste. !!Although !!
6!!5%!!plus!!or!!minus!!5%!!of!!attendees!!believe!!that!!the!!food!!is!!overpriced,!!the!!Taste!!is!!a!!popular!!event
.!!The!!raw!!data!!of!!the!!study!!is!!(are)
A) 65%!!of!!the!! sample.
B) 700!!attendees,!!455!!attendees.
C) 1,250,000!!attendees,!!700!!attendees,!!455!!attendees.
D) (60%,!!70%)
8) A!!student!!wanted!!to!!know!!the!!favorite!!lunch!!at!!a!!large!!high!!school!!with!!a!!closed!!campus.!!What!!is!!t!
!he!!first!!step!!in !!conducting!!a!!statistical !!study!!to!!answer !!the!!question?
A) Select!!a!!random!!sample!!of!!students.
B) Precisely!!state!!the!!goal!!of!!the!!study.
C) Select!!a!!random!! sample!!of!!students!!and!!teachers.
D) Select!!a!!random!!sample!!of!!teachers.
1
.
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or sample d
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
ata.
9) The!!average!!(mean)!!age!!of!!all!!63!!Associate!!Professors!!at!!Cliffton!!University!!is!!47!!years.
A) Census!!data B)!!Sample!!data
10) A!!researcher!!determines!!that!!17%!!of!!84!!property!!owners!!in!!a!!large!!city!!are!!behind!!in!!their!!ta!
!x!!payments.
A) Census!!data B)!!Sample!!data
For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
11) A!!college!!student!!who!!does!!laundry!!infrequently!!wants!!to!!determine!!the!!effect !!of!!stain! ! remover!!o!
!n !!what!!should!!be!!white!!clothes.
A) Reports!!of!!two!!friends,!!one!!of!!whom!!was!!given!!stain!!remover.
B) The!!reports!!of!!an!!internet!!chatroom!!on!! laundry!!techniques.
C) Two!!loads!!of!!personal!!wash,!!one!!with,!!one!!without!!stain!!remover.
D) Two!!loads!!of!!wash,!!one!!personal,!!one!!of!!a!! friend,!!the!!stain!!remover!!assigned!!by!!a !!coin!!flip.
12) The!!father!!of!!a!!junior!!high!!school!!student!!wants!!to!!determinefithe!!most !!popular!!book!!among!!junior!!hig!
!h !!students. !!Select!!the!!sample!!with !!the!!least!!potential!!bias.
A) A!!randomly!!selected!!group!!of!!10!!book!!sellers
B) A!!randomly!!selected!!group!!of!!30!!junior!!high!!students
C) A!!randomly!!selected!!group!!of!!30!!junior!!high!!students!!leaving!!the!!public!!library
D) The!!group!!of!!30!!junior!!high!!students!!attending!!the!!birthday!!party!!of!!the!!researcher’s!!child
For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
13) A!!sample!!consists!!of!!every!!49th! ! student!!from!! a!!group!!of!!496!!students.
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To!!avoid!!working!!late,!!a!!quality-control!!analyst!!simply!!inspects!!the!!first!!100!!items!!produced!!in!!a!!day.
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
15) A!!marketing!!firm!!does!!a!!survey!!to!!find!!out!!how!!many!!people!!use!!a!!product.!!Of!!the!!100!!peop!!
le!!contacted,!!15!!said!!they!!use!!the!!product.
A) Observational B)!!Experimental
16) Two!!samples!!of!!fish!!are!!taken!!from!!a!!river!!upstream!!and!!downstream!!of!!a!!factory!!to!!measure!!the!!effe!!
ct!!of!!pollution !!from!!the!!factory!!on!!the!!fish.
A) Observational B)!!Experimental
2
.
Chapter 1 Speaking of Statistics .................................................................................. 1
Chapter 2 Measurement in Statistics .......................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 Visual Displays of Data ............................................................................. 21
Chapter 4 Describing Data ......................................................................................... 44
Chapter 5 A Normal World........................................................................................ 63
Chapter 6 Probability in Statistics .............................................................................. 71
Chapter 7 Correlation and Causality .......................................................................... 83
Chapter 8 Inferences from Samples to Populations .................................................. 100
Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing .................................................................................. 108
Chapter 10 t Tests, Two-Way Tables, and ANOVA ................................................. 123
Answers ...................................................................................................................... 135
iii
,Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
Chapter 1 (Speaking of Statistics) Exam, form A
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
For problems 1 and 2, determine whether the evaluated group is a population or a sample.
1) The average (mean) age of all 63 Associate Professors at Cliffton!!University!!is!!47!!years.
A) Population B)!!Sample
2) A!!researcher!!examines!!the!!property!!tax!!records!!of!!84!!property!!owners!!in!!one!!city!!and!!finds!!that!!17
%!!are!!behind!!in!!their!! tax!!payments.
A) Population B)!!Sample
For problems 3 and 4, determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
3) The!!average!!(mean)!!age!!of!!all!!63!!Associate!!Professors!!at!!Cliffton!!University!!is!!47!!years.
A) Statistic B)!!Parameter
4) A!!researcher!!examines!!the!!property!!tax!!records!!of!!84!!property!!owners!!in!!one!!city!!and!!finds!!that!!17
%!!are!!behind!!in!!their!! tax!!payments.
A) Statistic B)!!Parameter
5) Following!!the!!Republican!!National!!Convention,!!a!!poll!!of!!600!!voters!!in!!a!!central!!Illinois!!community!!
showed!!that!!57%!!expected!!the!!Republican!!ticket!!to!!win!!over!!the!!Democrat!!ticket!!no!!matter!!whom!!t!!
he!!Democrats!!chose!!for!!vice-
president.!!The!!margin!!of!!error!!was!!4!!percentage!!points.!!There!!are!!25,000!!registered!!voters!!in!!the!!c!!om
munity.!!Which!!range!!of!!values!!is!!likely!!to!!contain!!the!!population!!parameter?
A) 13,250!!to!!15,250 B)!!24,400!!to!!25,600
C)!!318!!to!!366 D)!!53%!!to!!61%
6) A!!poll!!of!!488!!citizens!!of!!Normal,!!Illinois,!!showed!!that!!65%!!favored!!strict!!enforcement!! of!!speed! ! limit
! ! s !!with !!a!!margin ! ! of!!error !!of!!4%. !!A!!second!!poll!!of!!495!!citizens!!of!!the!!same!!town !!showed!!that!!34%!!fa
vo!!red!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speed!!limits.!!Assuming!!that!!proper! ! sampling!!techniques!!were!!used!!in!!b
oth!!polls,!!one!!may!!conclude!!that
A) the!!percent!!of!!the!!population !!that!!favors!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speedfilimits!!is!!49.5%!!!!8%.
B) the!!percent!!of!!the!!population !!that!!favors!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speedfilimits!!is!!49.5%!!!!4%.
C) one!!or!!both!! of!!the!!samples!!may!!have!!been!!unlikelyfisamples!!from!!the!!population.
D) the!!percent!!of!!the!!population !!that!!favors!!strict!!enforcement!!of!!speed!!limits!!is!!65%!!!!8%.
7) A!!poll!!of!!700!!attendees!!of!!the!!Taste!!of!!Chicago!!showed!!that!!445!!attendees,!!65%! ! of!!the!!sample,!!beli
!!eved!!that!!the!!food !!was!!overpriced. !!It!!is!!estimated!!that!!1,250,000!!people!!attend!!the!!Taste. !!Although !!
6!!5%!!plus!!or!!minus!!5%!!of!!attendees!!believe!!that!!the!!food!!is!!overpriced,!!the!!Taste!!is!!a!!popular!!event
.!!The!!raw!!data!!of!!the!!study!!is!!(are)
A) 65%!!of!!the!! sample.
B) 700!!attendees,!!455!!attendees.
C) 1,250,000!!attendees,!!700!!attendees,!!455!!attendees.
D) (60%,!!70%)
8) A!!student!!wanted!!to!!know!!the!!favorite!!lunch!!at!!a!!large!!high!!school!!with!!a!!closed!!campus.!!What!!is!!t!
!he!!first!!step!!in !!conducting!!a!!statistical !!study!!to!!answer !!the!!question?
A) Select!!a!!random!!sample!!of!!students.
B) Precisely!!state!!the!!goal!!of!!the!!study.
C) Select!!a!!random!! sample!!of!!students!!and!!teachers.
D) Select!!a!!random!!sample!!of!!teachers.
1
.
, For problems 9 and 10, determine whether the statement is based on census data or sample d
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
ata.
9) The!!average!!(mean)!!age!!of!!all!!63!!Associate!!Professors!!at!!Cliffton!!University!!is!!47!!years.
A) Census!!data B)!!Sample!!data
10) A!!researcher!!determines!!that!!17%!!of!!84!!property!!owners!!in!!a!!large!!city!!are!!behind!!in!!their!!ta!
!x!!payments.
A) Census!!data B)!!Sample!!data
For problems 11 and 12, select the most representative sample of the population of interest.
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
11) A!!college!!student!!who!!does!!laundry!!infrequently!!wants!!to!!determine!!the!!effect !!of!!stain! ! remover!!o!
!n !!what!!should!!be!!white!!clothes.
A) Reports!!of!!two!!friends,!!one!!of!!whom!!was!!given!!stain!!remover.
B) The!!reports!!of!!an!!internet!!chatroom!!on!! laundry!!techniques.
C) Two!!loads!!of!!personal!!wash,!!one!!with,!!one!!without!!stain!!remover.
D) Two!!loads!!of!!wash,!!one!!personal,!!one!!of!!a!! friend,!!the!!stain!!remover!!assigned!!by!!a !!coin!!flip.
12) The!!father!!of!!a!!junior!!high!!school!!student!!wants!!to!!determinefithe!!most !!popular!!book!!among!!junior!!hig!
!h !!students. !!Select!!the!!sample!!with !!the!!least!!potential!!bias.
A) A!!randomly!!selected!!group!!of!!10!!book!!sellers
B) A!!randomly!!selected!!group!!of!!30!!junior!!high!!students
C) A!!randomly!!selected!!group!!of!!30!!junior!!high!!students!!leaving!!the!!public!!library
D) The!!group!!of!!30!!junior!!high!!students!!attending!!the!!birthday!!party!!of!!the!!researcher’s!!child
For problems 13 and 14, identify the sampling technique that was used.
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
13) A!!sample!!consists!!of!!every!!49th! ! student!!from!! a!!group!!of!!496!!students.
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
14) To!!avoid!!working!!late,!!a!!quality-control!!analyst!!simply!!inspects!!the!!first!!100!!items!!produced!!in!!a!!day.
A) Systematic
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Random
E) Stratified
For problems 15 and 16, determine whether the study is experimental or observational?
!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
15) A!!marketing!!firm!!does!!a!!survey!!to!!find!!out!!how!!many!!people!!use!!a!!product.!!Of!!the!!100!!peop!!
le!!contacted,!!15!!said!!they!!use!!the!!product.
A) Observational B)!!Experimental
16) Two!!samples!!of!!fish!!are!!taken!!from!!a!!river!!upstream!!and!!downstream!!of!!a!!factory!!to!!measure!!the!!effe!!
ct!!of!!pollution !!from!!the!!factory!!on!!the!!fish.
A) Observational B)!!Experimental
2
.
