1 Advanced Pathophysiology_ Exam 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Risk Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Prevalence A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the
total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the
total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
2/4/2026
,2 Advanced Pathophysiology_ Exam 1
Ratio The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times
one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective
functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
2/4/2026
,3 Advanced Pathophysiology_ Exam 1
Epidemiology study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases
in large groups of populations/people
Endemic A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to
Stressors
Homeostasis A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal
"set-point"
2/4/2026
, 4 Advanced Pathophysiology_ Exam 1
Exhausation Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based
coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory
stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
2/4/2026
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Risk Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Prevalence A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the
total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the
total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
2/4/2026
,2 Advanced Pathophysiology_ Exam 1
Ratio The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times
one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective
functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
2/4/2026
,3 Advanced Pathophysiology_ Exam 1
Epidemiology study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases
in large groups of populations/people
Endemic A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to
Stressors
Homeostasis A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal
"set-point"
2/4/2026
, 4 Advanced Pathophysiology_ Exam 1
Exhausation Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based
coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory
stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
2/4/2026
