1 | Page
Patho week 5
Questions and Answers Latest Update
what occurs during osmosis? Ans: Water moved from an are of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) Ans: Located inside the cell. Accounts fro 40% of a
persons weight
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Ans: Located outside the cells. 1/3 of body fluid.
Includes interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and other fluid (spinal fluid).
hydrostatic pressure Ans: pressure exerted to push fluid from one
compartment to another
osmotic pressure Ans: fluid moving from low solute concentration to high
solute concentration.
osmolarity Ans: total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
Hyperosmolar state Ans: -high sodium, water loss, dehydration.
- low urine volume, higher urine concentration
Hypoosmolar state Ans: -low sodium, excess water, fluid overload
-higher urine volume, low urine concentration
what are the three primary hormones that increase or decrease fluid levels
in the body? Ans: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
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, 2 | Page
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Ans: released by the posterior pituitary gland,
signals the kidney to promote reabsorption of water
Aldosterone Ans: increases sodium absorption. "where sodium goes, water
flows"
ANP and BNP Ans: secreted by the heart to assist with fluid level
maintenance
hypotonic Ans: too little sodium
Hypertonic Ans: too much sodium
hypovelemia Ans: loss of fluid. dehydration
maldistribution Ans: imbalance of fluid, edema
hypervolemia Ans: too much fluid in the body
condition that cause hypovolemia Ans: -blood loss from injury
-dehydration
-anemia
-GI beeding
-burns
-diarrhea, vomiting
conditions that cause hypervolemia Ans: -hear failure
-liver failure
-renal failure
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, 3 | Page
conditions that cause maldistribution Ans: -systemic inflammatory response
syndrome
-anaphylactic reaction
-transfusion reaction
-neurogenic shock
s/s of hypovolemia Ans: -dizzy
-lightheadedness
-syncope
-low blood pressure
-high heart rate
-weight loss
- oliguria or anuria
-hypernatremia
s/s of maldistribution Ans: -edema
-shortness of breath
-increased respiration rate
-low protein or albumin levels
s/s of hypervolemia Ans: -edema
-weight gain
© 2025 All rights reserved
Patho week 5
Questions and Answers Latest Update
what occurs during osmosis? Ans: Water moved from an are of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) Ans: Located inside the cell. Accounts fro 40% of a
persons weight
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Ans: Located outside the cells. 1/3 of body fluid.
Includes interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and other fluid (spinal fluid).
hydrostatic pressure Ans: pressure exerted to push fluid from one
compartment to another
osmotic pressure Ans: fluid moving from low solute concentration to high
solute concentration.
osmolarity Ans: total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
Hyperosmolar state Ans: -high sodium, water loss, dehydration.
- low urine volume, higher urine concentration
Hypoosmolar state Ans: -low sodium, excess water, fluid overload
-higher urine volume, low urine concentration
what are the three primary hormones that increase or decrease fluid levels
in the body? Ans: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Ans: released by the posterior pituitary gland,
signals the kidney to promote reabsorption of water
Aldosterone Ans: increases sodium absorption. "where sodium goes, water
flows"
ANP and BNP Ans: secreted by the heart to assist with fluid level
maintenance
hypotonic Ans: too little sodium
Hypertonic Ans: too much sodium
hypovelemia Ans: loss of fluid. dehydration
maldistribution Ans: imbalance of fluid, edema
hypervolemia Ans: too much fluid in the body
condition that cause hypovolemia Ans: -blood loss from injury
-dehydration
-anemia
-GI beeding
-burns
-diarrhea, vomiting
conditions that cause hypervolemia Ans: -hear failure
-liver failure
-renal failure
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
conditions that cause maldistribution Ans: -systemic inflammatory response
syndrome
-anaphylactic reaction
-transfusion reaction
-neurogenic shock
s/s of hypovolemia Ans: -dizzy
-lightheadedness
-syncope
-low blood pressure
-high heart rate
-weight loss
- oliguria or anuria
-hypernatremia
s/s of maldistribution Ans: -edema
-shortness of breath
-increased respiration rate
-low protein or albumin levels
s/s of hypervolemia Ans: -edema
-weight gain
© 2025 All rights reserved
