NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exams (Latest
2024/ 2025 Updates Advanced
Pathophysiology | Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct |Grade A –
Chamberlain
Fat Soluble Hormones
Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones
Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones
TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary
Hormones.
Page 1 of 34
,Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and
infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve
endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence.
Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk
contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary
ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone)
Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones)
HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin
Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine
Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Page 2 of 34
,Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)
Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function
ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin,
Milk production
TSH
Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin
Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins
Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
ADH functions
Page 3 of 34
, Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to
increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of
more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors
High levels of ADH
Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by:
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is
increased, water is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality
(280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption.
Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in
left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to
stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with:
Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen,
progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to:
Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin
Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in
men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract.
Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let
down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Page 4 of 34
2024/ 2025 Updates Advanced
Pathophysiology | Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct |Grade A –
Chamberlain
Fat Soluble Hormones
Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones
Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones
TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary
Hormones.
Page 1 of 34
,Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and
infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve
endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence.
Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk
contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the
hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary
ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone)
Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones)
HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin
Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone
Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine
Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Page 2 of 34
,Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)
Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function
ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin,
Milk production
TSH
Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Follicle maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin
Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins
Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
ADH functions
Page 3 of 34
, Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to
increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of
more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors
High levels of ADH
Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by:
osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is
increased, water is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality
(280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption.
Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in
left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to
stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with:
Decrease in plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen,
progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to:
Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin
Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in
men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract.
Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let
down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Page 4 of 34
