Fundamentals of Urine & Body Fluid Analysis Exam Questions With With Correct Answers

Fundamentals of Urine & Body Fluid Analysis Exam Questions With With Correct Answers Glucose testing - CORRECT ANSWERSScreening test, not diagnostic. Glucose in urine when plasma levels reach 160 mg/dL Glucose reaction: double-enzyme method of glucose oxidase and peroxidase, with colored indicator. Sensitivity: 100 mg/dL, specific to glucose. Does not detect other reducing sugars False negatives: high sp.g., ascorbic acid, high ketones, some bacteria False positives: oxidizing agents such as bleach; some bacteria Nocturia - CORRECT ANSWERSIncreased urine output at night. Polyuria - CORRECT ANSWERS 2.5 L/day 3 mL/kg/day in children Diabetes mellitus/insipidus Diuretics, caffeine, alcohol Urine preservation: Physical - CORRECT ANSWERSRefrigeration: Short periods of time (6-8 hours) Amorphous crystals may form Freezing: Good for bilirubin and urobilinogen Urine preservation: Chemical - CORRECT ANSWERSDifferent chemical are available to preserve urine for long period of time The choice of the chemical, depend on the required preserved substance in the urine sample. First morning specimen - CORRECT ANSWERSMost concentrated Preferable for: Nitrite, microscopic examination, orthostatic "upright" proteinuria Random specimen - CORRECT ANSWERSMost common/convenient Preferable for: Chemical screen, microscopic examination Fasting specimen - CORRECT ANSWERSSecond voided specimen after fasting Glucose monitoring Postprandial specimen - CORRECT ANSWERSObtained 2 hours after meal DM monitoring and insulin therapy 24- Hour specimen - CORRECT ANSWERSNecessary for quantitative tests, especially for quantitative determination of protein. Timed specimen Specimen handling (preserved) Creatinine clearance Urochrome - CORRECT ANSWERSProduct of endogenous metabolism Produced at the consistent rate Increases if urine remains at RT for prolonged time Pale to colorless urine - CORRECT ANSWERSLarge fluid intake Diabetes mellitus Alcohol consumption Dark yellow to brown red urine - CORRECT ANSWERSConcentrated urine Decreased fluid intake Fever Dehydration Yellow brown or "beer brown" and amber urine - CORRECT ANSWERSMay indicate presence of bilirubin Clear red colored urine - CORRECT ANSWERSPresence of hemoglobin Cloudy red or smoky red color - CORRECT ANSWERSIndicates hematuria Brown/Black urine - CORRECT ANSWERSMelanin Homgentisic acid - alkaptonuria Medications - levodopa Blue/Green urine - CORRECT ANSWERSBacterial infections: Pseudomonas Medications Functions of the kidney - CORRECT ANSWERSRegulation of the water and electrolyte content of the body. Retention of substances vital to the body such as protein and glucose Maintenance of acid/base balance. Excretion of waste products, water soluble toxic substances and drugs. Endocrine functions. Oliguria - CORRECT ANSWERS1 mL/kg/hr in infants 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children 400 mL/day in adults Burns, vomiting, diarrhea Anuria - CORRECT ANSWERSCessation of urine flow. Damage to kidney or renal flow Foam - CORRECT ANSWERSYellowish foam indicates presence of bilirubin White foam indicates high concentrations of protein Clarity - CORRECT ANSWERSNormal: clear Refrigeration can cause turbidity. Turbidity may result from: WBCs, kidney stones, yeast cells, high number of bacteria, high number of mucus threads Specific Gravity - CORRECT ANSWERSRatio of the weight of a fixed volume of solution to that of the same volume of water at a specified temperature usually. Indicator of the kidneys ability to concentrate or dilute urine. A concentrated urine may have a specific gravity of 1.025 -1.030 A diluted urine can have a specific gravity of 1.001-1.010. Specific gravity of water is 1.000 Measured with refratctometer, reagent strips, urinometer, weighing technique Normal: 1.003-1.030 or higher. Refractometer - CORRECT ANSWERSIndirectly measures specific gravity by measuring the refractive index.