NURSING 552 MIDTERM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH FULL SOLUTIONS
– NEW 2026 EDITION GUARANTEED
SUCCESS
Question: What is the definition of "Modified Release" according to regulatory
standards? ✔ ✔ Answer: As recognized by the FDA, modified-release refers to
any drug formulation designed to change the speed or the specific timing at which
the active ingredients are delivered, differing from standard immediate-release
products.
Question: What are the various types of Modified Release Systems? ✔ ✔
Answer: These systems often have overlapping features but are generally
categorized as:
1. Delayed Release (postponed delivery).
2. Repeat Action/Repeat Release (sequential dosing).
3. Extended, Sustained, Long-Acting, or Prolonged Release (continuous
delivery).
4. Controlled Release (precision-timed delivery).
5. Targeted Release (site-specific delivery).
Question: How does a "Delayed-release" system function? ✔ ✔ Answer: These
medications are designed to postpone the drug's release until after a certain period
following ingestion. A common example is an enteric-coated tablet, which
utilizes a protective barrier to prevent the drug from dissolving until it passes
through the stomach and reaches the intestines.
Question: What characterizes a "Repeat-release" or "Repeat-action" formulation?
✔ ✔ Answer: These systems contain multiple units of an immediate-release drug
within a single tablet or capsule. They are engineered to provide an initial dose
,followed by a secondary dose at a specific interval, effectively mimicking a multi-
dose schedule in one administration.
Question: What are the differences between Extended, Sustained, and Controlled
Release systems? ✔ ✔ Answer: Extended or Sustained-release systems (often
labeled as SR or XL) focus on slowly discharging the medication over a lengthy
timeframe to prolong its effects. If a system is precise enough to maintain
consistent, predictable drug concentrations in specific tissues or cells, it is
classified as Controlled Release (CR). While all controlled systems are extended-
release, the defining factor is the predictability and precision of the drug's
concentration profile.
Targeted Release -ANSWER✔✔- Site-specific or targeting refers to concentrated
drug release at a certain site such as a tissue, organ, receptor, or cell
- A form of controlled release
- very difficult to achieve
- trying to control distribution of drug to target area
What is Controlled Release? -ANSWER✔✔- Controlled Drug Delivery attempts to
deliver the precise amount of a therapeutic agent (drug), to a specific site (site of
action), for a specific time (duraterm-5tion of treatment)
- OR Achieve both spatial (targeted) and/or temporal "control" of the drug
- a lot of prediction involved, very precise, and targeted
- The Drug Delivery System attempts to control the drug concentration at the target
tissue
Disadvantages of Conventional Delivery -ANSWER✔✔- Inconvenient because pt
can forget to take dose
- Difficult to monitor
- Overdosing possible
,- Large amounts of drug can be "lost" when it does not get to the target organ
because has to distribute to the whole body
- Drug goes to non-target cells and can cause damage
- Expensive (using more drug than necessary)
The Goal of Modified Drug Delivery -ANSWER✔✔To Alter and Control
- Absorption
- Distribution - includes Cellular Uptake
- Metabolism (reduce it so more drug available)
- Elimination (reduce how fast eliminated to prolong effect of drug)
- Toxicity (reduce it)
What is Sustained Drug Action? -ANSWER✔✔- ideal dosage form
- pt only has to take one time rather than multiple times
- minimize side effects by delivering API to site of action (target receptors, cells,
tissues, or area in the body)
- re-patenting without new drug development.
Improving Patient Compliance -ANSWER✔✔Minimize Plasma fluctuation
- Plasma Concentration vs Time
- Sustained Release: takes longer to be absorbed and in therapeutic range for longer
but eventually eliminated
- Controlled: absorbed quickly and in therapeutic range for as long as necessary
- the more times you have take a medication day, the lower pt compliance
, Tries to Achieve: Site Specific Drug Delivery -ANSWER✔✔Reduction of side
effects
- Anticancer drugs
--> Cytosine arabinoside- Dpocyt®
- Anti-fertility Agents
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
Site Specific Drug Action or Drug Targeting -ANSWER✔✔- Targeting or Spatial
Delivery
- exclusive drug delivery to specific organ, tissues, or cell types
- Still in development and difficult
- Designed to be directed to a specific organ, tissues, cell or cell compartment
- Targets include surface or compartment cell markers, proteins or even nucleic
acids
- can locally put the drug through patches
Routes of Administration -ANSWER✔✔a. Parenteral
- Refers to injections and IV
- Fast Absorption
- No First pass
- Painful
- Inconvenient
b. Transdermal
- Easy access
- Large surface area
AND ANSWERS WITH FULL SOLUTIONS
– NEW 2026 EDITION GUARANTEED
SUCCESS
Question: What is the definition of "Modified Release" according to regulatory
standards? ✔ ✔ Answer: As recognized by the FDA, modified-release refers to
any drug formulation designed to change the speed or the specific timing at which
the active ingredients are delivered, differing from standard immediate-release
products.
Question: What are the various types of Modified Release Systems? ✔ ✔
Answer: These systems often have overlapping features but are generally
categorized as:
1. Delayed Release (postponed delivery).
2. Repeat Action/Repeat Release (sequential dosing).
3. Extended, Sustained, Long-Acting, or Prolonged Release (continuous
delivery).
4. Controlled Release (precision-timed delivery).
5. Targeted Release (site-specific delivery).
Question: How does a "Delayed-release" system function? ✔ ✔ Answer: These
medications are designed to postpone the drug's release until after a certain period
following ingestion. A common example is an enteric-coated tablet, which
utilizes a protective barrier to prevent the drug from dissolving until it passes
through the stomach and reaches the intestines.
Question: What characterizes a "Repeat-release" or "Repeat-action" formulation?
✔ ✔ Answer: These systems contain multiple units of an immediate-release drug
within a single tablet or capsule. They are engineered to provide an initial dose
,followed by a secondary dose at a specific interval, effectively mimicking a multi-
dose schedule in one administration.
Question: What are the differences between Extended, Sustained, and Controlled
Release systems? ✔ ✔ Answer: Extended or Sustained-release systems (often
labeled as SR or XL) focus on slowly discharging the medication over a lengthy
timeframe to prolong its effects. If a system is precise enough to maintain
consistent, predictable drug concentrations in specific tissues or cells, it is
classified as Controlled Release (CR). While all controlled systems are extended-
release, the defining factor is the predictability and precision of the drug's
concentration profile.
Targeted Release -ANSWER✔✔- Site-specific or targeting refers to concentrated
drug release at a certain site such as a tissue, organ, receptor, or cell
- A form of controlled release
- very difficult to achieve
- trying to control distribution of drug to target area
What is Controlled Release? -ANSWER✔✔- Controlled Drug Delivery attempts to
deliver the precise amount of a therapeutic agent (drug), to a specific site (site of
action), for a specific time (duraterm-5tion of treatment)
- OR Achieve both spatial (targeted) and/or temporal "control" of the drug
- a lot of prediction involved, very precise, and targeted
- The Drug Delivery System attempts to control the drug concentration at the target
tissue
Disadvantages of Conventional Delivery -ANSWER✔✔- Inconvenient because pt
can forget to take dose
- Difficult to monitor
- Overdosing possible
,- Large amounts of drug can be "lost" when it does not get to the target organ
because has to distribute to the whole body
- Drug goes to non-target cells and can cause damage
- Expensive (using more drug than necessary)
The Goal of Modified Drug Delivery -ANSWER✔✔To Alter and Control
- Absorption
- Distribution - includes Cellular Uptake
- Metabolism (reduce it so more drug available)
- Elimination (reduce how fast eliminated to prolong effect of drug)
- Toxicity (reduce it)
What is Sustained Drug Action? -ANSWER✔✔- ideal dosage form
- pt only has to take one time rather than multiple times
- minimize side effects by delivering API to site of action (target receptors, cells,
tissues, or area in the body)
- re-patenting without new drug development.
Improving Patient Compliance -ANSWER✔✔Minimize Plasma fluctuation
- Plasma Concentration vs Time
- Sustained Release: takes longer to be absorbed and in therapeutic range for longer
but eventually eliminated
- Controlled: absorbed quickly and in therapeutic range for as long as necessary
- the more times you have take a medication day, the lower pt compliance
, Tries to Achieve: Site Specific Drug Delivery -ANSWER✔✔Reduction of side
effects
- Anticancer drugs
--> Cytosine arabinoside- Dpocyt®
- Anti-fertility Agents
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
Site Specific Drug Action or Drug Targeting -ANSWER✔✔- Targeting or Spatial
Delivery
- exclusive drug delivery to specific organ, tissues, or cell types
- Still in development and difficult
- Designed to be directed to a specific organ, tissues, cell or cell compartment
- Targets include surface or compartment cell markers, proteins or even nucleic
acids
- can locally put the drug through patches
Routes of Administration -ANSWER✔✔a. Parenteral
- Refers to injections and IV
- Fast Absorption
- No First pass
- Painful
- Inconvenient
b. Transdermal
- Easy access
- Large surface area
