KNS 350 Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What is the leading cause of death in the United States? - CORRECT ANSWER CHD
What do the mortality trends for CHD look like? - CORRECT ANSWER they have
been decreasing
Why has the mortality trend for CHD decreased? - CORRECT ANSWER -reduced
smoking of adults in US
-better diets
-better management of hypertension
-better medical treatment
What is the average age of first MI in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER women: 70
men: 65
How many men and women in the US will develop CHD? - CORRECT
ANSWER about half of men
about one third of women
What are the major risk factors for CHD? - CORRECT ANSWER genetic
susceptibility
male sex
age
elevated serum cholesterol
cigarette smoking
high blood pressure
obesity
Type II diabetes
,physical inactivity
What is the process that leads to CHD and ischemic stroke? - CORRECT
ANSWER atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by fatty deposits called
atheromas which contribute to the narrowing and obstruction of medium and large arteries
How does atherosclerosis develop? - CORRECT ANSWER -oxidized LDLs
underneath the endothelium
-white blood cells remove LDLs
-make foam cells which form fatty lesions
also affected by: cigarette smoking, dietary intake of saturated fat, sugar, and cholesterol,
high blood pressure
What type of cholesterol accelerates aatherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER low-
density lipoprotein cholesterol
atherogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER formation of fatty plaque on the wall of an
artery
process begins with lesion of intima (innermost lining) of coronary artery
atherogenesis and CHD risk - CORRECT ANSWER free radicals (increase size of
plaque by increasing form-filled macrophages)
inflammation
problems with blood clotting
elevated homocysteine
, The data from prospective cohort studies indicate that on average physical activity during
middle cuts the risk for CHD by how much? - CORRECT ANSWER 30-40% for both
men and women
Why the switch from occupational LTPA in terms of looking at dose-response with PA? -
CORRECT ANSWER -when using LTPA, studies show a consistent inverse relation
between physical activity and CHD risk
-LTPA is a better indicator of how much PA a person gets and reduces some of the problems
associated with OPA
Does protection come from transportational PA? - CORRECT ANSWER appears to be
a modest inverse association between commuting PA and CVD risk
Why is the protective effect of PA against CHD risk probably underestimated? - CORRECT
ANSWER imprecise methods used in most studies to asses regular PA (mostly self-
reports) may result in an underestimation
What is the PAR estimate for sedentary lifestyle on CHD mortality? - CORRECT
ANSWER 16%
What is the PAR estimate for CHD mortality with no participation in moderate activity? -
CORRECT ANSWER 14%
What is the PAR estimate for CHD mortality with participation in low PA? - CORRECT
ANSWER ~11-20%
How can bias enter PA epi studies on CHD? - CORRECT ANSWER individuals are
not assigned randomly to groups based on activity level
(cannot be assumed that high levels of PA or fitness caused low CHD rates)
-selection bias, loss to follow up, imprecision of measurement of PA
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What is the leading cause of death in the United States? - CORRECT ANSWER CHD
What do the mortality trends for CHD look like? - CORRECT ANSWER they have
been decreasing
Why has the mortality trend for CHD decreased? - CORRECT ANSWER -reduced
smoking of adults in US
-better diets
-better management of hypertension
-better medical treatment
What is the average age of first MI in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER women: 70
men: 65
How many men and women in the US will develop CHD? - CORRECT
ANSWER about half of men
about one third of women
What are the major risk factors for CHD? - CORRECT ANSWER genetic
susceptibility
male sex
age
elevated serum cholesterol
cigarette smoking
high blood pressure
obesity
Type II diabetes
,physical inactivity
What is the process that leads to CHD and ischemic stroke? - CORRECT
ANSWER atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by fatty deposits called
atheromas which contribute to the narrowing and obstruction of medium and large arteries
How does atherosclerosis develop? - CORRECT ANSWER -oxidized LDLs
underneath the endothelium
-white blood cells remove LDLs
-make foam cells which form fatty lesions
also affected by: cigarette smoking, dietary intake of saturated fat, sugar, and cholesterol,
high blood pressure
What type of cholesterol accelerates aatherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER low-
density lipoprotein cholesterol
atherogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER formation of fatty plaque on the wall of an
artery
process begins with lesion of intima (innermost lining) of coronary artery
atherogenesis and CHD risk - CORRECT ANSWER free radicals (increase size of
plaque by increasing form-filled macrophages)
inflammation
problems with blood clotting
elevated homocysteine
, The data from prospective cohort studies indicate that on average physical activity during
middle cuts the risk for CHD by how much? - CORRECT ANSWER 30-40% for both
men and women
Why the switch from occupational LTPA in terms of looking at dose-response with PA? -
CORRECT ANSWER -when using LTPA, studies show a consistent inverse relation
between physical activity and CHD risk
-LTPA is a better indicator of how much PA a person gets and reduces some of the problems
associated with OPA
Does protection come from transportational PA? - CORRECT ANSWER appears to be
a modest inverse association between commuting PA and CVD risk
Why is the protective effect of PA against CHD risk probably underestimated? - CORRECT
ANSWER imprecise methods used in most studies to asses regular PA (mostly self-
reports) may result in an underestimation
What is the PAR estimate for sedentary lifestyle on CHD mortality? - CORRECT
ANSWER 16%
What is the PAR estimate for CHD mortality with no participation in moderate activity? -
CORRECT ANSWER 14%
What is the PAR estimate for CHD mortality with participation in low PA? - CORRECT
ANSWER ~11-20%
How can bias enter PA epi studies on CHD? - CORRECT ANSWER individuals are
not assigned randomly to groups based on activity level
(cannot be assumed that high levels of PA or fitness caused low CHD rates)
-selection bias, loss to follow up, imprecision of measurement of PA
