FINAL EXAM CMN 420 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Differentiate between the Three levels of prevention - Answers -Primary Prevention: includes
measures taken to keep illness of injuries from occurring. Examples are Childhood vaccines,
installation of safety devices in the home of the elderly,etc.
-Secondary Prevention: involves efforts to detect and treat existing disease. Examples include breast
and testicular exams, cholesterol screening, etc
-Tertiary Prevention: attempts to reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest
possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function. Examples include rehab of
person after a stroke, post mastectomy exercise programs to restore function, etc.
Understand the ethical principles of Respect, Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice,
Fidelity, Veracity - Answers -Respect: treating people as unique, equal, and responsible moral agents.
-Autonomy: freedom of choice and the exercise of people rights
- Beneficence: doing good or benefiting others
-Non-maleficence: avoiding or preventing harm to others as a consequence of a persons own choices
and actions.
-Justice: treating people fairly
-Fidelity: keeping promises
Veracity: telling the truth
Distinguish between herbalism, folk medicine, home remedies, magicoreligous views - Answers -
Herbalism: herbs, roots, barks and liquid preps.
-Folk medicine: a body of preserved treated practices that has been handed down verbally from
generation to generation.
-Home remedies: individualized care-giving practices that are passed down within families.
-Magicoreligious view: focus on the control of health and illness by supernatural forces.
Understand the Causes of Death due to Diarrheal diseases and the treatment that can be used to
reduce deaths - Answers -Actual cause of death: generally severe dehydration and fluid loss
-Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) - used to prevent or correct
dehydration (not to treat the source of the diarrheal illness)
- Seven preventative interventions:Improved water source, Improved sanitation and household water
treatments, Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, Hand washing with soap, Good personal
and food hygiene, Health education, Rotavirus vaccination
-Treatment interventions: ORS, Zinc supplements. Rehydration with IVF (in cases of severe
dehydration), Nutrient-rich foods, Seeking early treatment from a health professional
Distinguish between endemic, pandemic, epidemic - Answers -Endemic: where disease is most
frequently found
-Pandemic: when an epidemic is worldwide in distribution
-Epidemic : a disease occurrence that clearly exceed the normal or expected frequency in a
community or region
Understand the three elements of the epidemic triad model - Answers -Host: susceptible human or
animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent
, -Agent: a factor that causes or contributes to health problem or condition (biologic, chemical,
nutrient, physical or psychologial)
-Environment: all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or
resistance.
Understand host, reservoir, mode of transmission - Answers -Host: susceptible human or animal who
harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent.
-Reservoir: where the casual agent can live and multiply
-Mode of Transmission: literally how it was transmitted
Know the difference between chain of causation and web of causation - Answers -Chain of causation:
begins by identifying the reservoir; next the agent must have a portal of exit from the reservoir, as
well as some mode of transmission; the next link is the agent itself, then the portal of entry.
Reservoir-->portal of exit-> mode of transmission--> agent--> portal of entry--> host
-Web of causation: the implication that intervention (or breaking of the web at any point nearest to
the disease ) could profoundly impact the development of that disease; "Casual matrix"
Understand the healthcare professional's role and reportable diseases - Answers - Reportable dz: if
the disease has the ability to cause death and the communicability of the disease (plague, cholera,
yellow fever, polio TB, malaria, viral influenza, etc)
-HCP's Role: community health nurses can use three sources of info when conducting epidemiological
investigation
Understand the classification of the Tuberculin Skin Test Reaction - Answers - An induration of 5 or
more millimeters considered positive for HIV infected ppl, recent contacts or person with infectious
TB, ppl who have fibroic changes on a chest radiograph, patients with organ transplant and other
immunosuppressed patients (including patients taking a prolonged course or oral or IV corticosteriods
or TNF antagonists (tumor necrosis factor)
-An induration of 10 or more millimeters considered positive for people who have come to the US
within the last 5 years from the areas of the world where TB is common (e.g Asia, Africa, Eastern
Europe, Russia, or Latin America), injection drug users, mycobacterology lab workers, ppl who live or
work in high risk congregate settings, ppl with certain medical contions that place them at risk for TB
(DM, Severe kidney dz, certain types of cancer, and certain intestinal conditions), children younger
than 5. infants, children and adolescents exposed to adults in high risk categories
-An induration for 15 of more mm considered positive for people who no know risk factors for TB
Define Prevalence and Incidence - Answers Incidence is the rate of new (or newly diagnosed) cases of
the disease. It is generally reported as the number of new cases occurring within a period of time
(e.g., per month, per year).
Prevalence is the actual number of cases alive, with the disease either during a period of time (period
prevalence) or at a particular date in time (point prevalence).
Understand examples of Indirect transmissions and Vector Transmission - Answers - Indirect
Transmission: occurs when the infectious agent is transported within contaminated inanimate
materials such as air, water or food (vehicle borne transmission)
-Vector Transmission: occurs when the infectious agent is carried by a vector (nonhuman carrier such
as an animal or insect)
Understand the health effects of hazards in the home such as Radon and Lead - Answers - Radon:
source is naturally occuring radioactive gas; exposure pathway seeps into home through cracks in
foundation of home; inhalation; risk groups-->residents of home; Health effects--> lung damage
particularly lung cancer.
Differentiate between the Three levels of prevention - Answers -Primary Prevention: includes
measures taken to keep illness of injuries from occurring. Examples are Childhood vaccines,
installation of safety devices in the home of the elderly,etc.
-Secondary Prevention: involves efforts to detect and treat existing disease. Examples include breast
and testicular exams, cholesterol screening, etc
-Tertiary Prevention: attempts to reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest
possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function. Examples include rehab of
person after a stroke, post mastectomy exercise programs to restore function, etc.
Understand the ethical principles of Respect, Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice,
Fidelity, Veracity - Answers -Respect: treating people as unique, equal, and responsible moral agents.
-Autonomy: freedom of choice and the exercise of people rights
- Beneficence: doing good or benefiting others
-Non-maleficence: avoiding or preventing harm to others as a consequence of a persons own choices
and actions.
-Justice: treating people fairly
-Fidelity: keeping promises
Veracity: telling the truth
Distinguish between herbalism, folk medicine, home remedies, magicoreligous views - Answers -
Herbalism: herbs, roots, barks and liquid preps.
-Folk medicine: a body of preserved treated practices that has been handed down verbally from
generation to generation.
-Home remedies: individualized care-giving practices that are passed down within families.
-Magicoreligious view: focus on the control of health and illness by supernatural forces.
Understand the Causes of Death due to Diarrheal diseases and the treatment that can be used to
reduce deaths - Answers -Actual cause of death: generally severe dehydration and fluid loss
-Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) - used to prevent or correct
dehydration (not to treat the source of the diarrheal illness)
- Seven preventative interventions:Improved water source, Improved sanitation and household water
treatments, Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, Hand washing with soap, Good personal
and food hygiene, Health education, Rotavirus vaccination
-Treatment interventions: ORS, Zinc supplements. Rehydration with IVF (in cases of severe
dehydration), Nutrient-rich foods, Seeking early treatment from a health professional
Distinguish between endemic, pandemic, epidemic - Answers -Endemic: where disease is most
frequently found
-Pandemic: when an epidemic is worldwide in distribution
-Epidemic : a disease occurrence that clearly exceed the normal or expected frequency in a
community or region
Understand the three elements of the epidemic triad model - Answers -Host: susceptible human or
animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent
, -Agent: a factor that causes or contributes to health problem or condition (biologic, chemical,
nutrient, physical or psychologial)
-Environment: all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or
resistance.
Understand host, reservoir, mode of transmission - Answers -Host: susceptible human or animal who
harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent.
-Reservoir: where the casual agent can live and multiply
-Mode of Transmission: literally how it was transmitted
Know the difference between chain of causation and web of causation - Answers -Chain of causation:
begins by identifying the reservoir; next the agent must have a portal of exit from the reservoir, as
well as some mode of transmission; the next link is the agent itself, then the portal of entry.
Reservoir-->portal of exit-> mode of transmission--> agent--> portal of entry--> host
-Web of causation: the implication that intervention (or breaking of the web at any point nearest to
the disease ) could profoundly impact the development of that disease; "Casual matrix"
Understand the healthcare professional's role and reportable diseases - Answers - Reportable dz: if
the disease has the ability to cause death and the communicability of the disease (plague, cholera,
yellow fever, polio TB, malaria, viral influenza, etc)
-HCP's Role: community health nurses can use three sources of info when conducting epidemiological
investigation
Understand the classification of the Tuberculin Skin Test Reaction - Answers - An induration of 5 or
more millimeters considered positive for HIV infected ppl, recent contacts or person with infectious
TB, ppl who have fibroic changes on a chest radiograph, patients with organ transplant and other
immunosuppressed patients (including patients taking a prolonged course or oral or IV corticosteriods
or TNF antagonists (tumor necrosis factor)
-An induration of 10 or more millimeters considered positive for people who have come to the US
within the last 5 years from the areas of the world where TB is common (e.g Asia, Africa, Eastern
Europe, Russia, or Latin America), injection drug users, mycobacterology lab workers, ppl who live or
work in high risk congregate settings, ppl with certain medical contions that place them at risk for TB
(DM, Severe kidney dz, certain types of cancer, and certain intestinal conditions), children younger
than 5. infants, children and adolescents exposed to adults in high risk categories
-An induration for 15 of more mm considered positive for people who no know risk factors for TB
Define Prevalence and Incidence - Answers Incidence is the rate of new (or newly diagnosed) cases of
the disease. It is generally reported as the number of new cases occurring within a period of time
(e.g., per month, per year).
Prevalence is the actual number of cases alive, with the disease either during a period of time (period
prevalence) or at a particular date in time (point prevalence).
Understand examples of Indirect transmissions and Vector Transmission - Answers - Indirect
Transmission: occurs when the infectious agent is transported within contaminated inanimate
materials such as air, water or food (vehicle borne transmission)
-Vector Transmission: occurs when the infectious agent is carried by a vector (nonhuman carrier such
as an animal or insect)
Understand the health effects of hazards in the home such as Radon and Lead - Answers - Radon:
source is naturally occuring radioactive gas; exposure pathway seeps into home through cracks in
foundation of home; inhalation; risk groups-->residents of home; Health effects--> lung damage
particularly lung cancer.
