NRNP 6665 FINAL EXAM / NRNP 6665 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL FINAL EXAM 2026 COMPLETE
ACCURATE EXAM APPROVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
NEWEST UPDATED VERSION |ALREADY GRADED A+
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cell injury caused by
hypoxia?
a) Protein misfiling
b) ATP depletion
c) Free radical formation
d) Calcium influx
Correct answer: b) apt depletion
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing ATP
production. ATP depletion impairs Na⁺/K⁺ pumps, leading to cell swelling and
injury.
During apoptosis, which of the following occurs?
a) Cell swelling
b) Inflammatory response
c) Chromatin condensation
d) Membrane rupture
Correct answer: c) chromatin condensation
Rationale: Apoptosis is controlled cell death with chromatin condensation and
membrane blabbing, without inflammation.
Which organelle is most involved in free radical injury?
a) Lysosome
,b) Mitochondria
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Nucleus
Correct answer: b) mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative
phosphorylation; excess ROS cause lipid peroxidation and cell injury.
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
a) Necrosis is regulated; apoptosis is unregulated
b) Necrosis triggers inflammation; apoptosis does not
c) Necrosis occurs in single cells; apoptosis in groups
d) Necrosis involves caspases; apoptosis does not
Correct answer: b) necrosis triggers inflammation; apoptosis does not
Rationale: Necrosis leads to cell lysis and inflammation, while apoptosis is
programmed, non-inflammatory cell death.
Which type of cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic mechanical stress?
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Dysplasia
Correct answer: b) hypertrophy
Rationale: Cells increase in size (hypertrophy) to meet increased functional
demand, e.g., cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension.
Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes is called:
, a) Steatosis
b) Amyloidosis
c) Necrosis
d) Fibrosis
Correct answer: a) steatosis
Rationale: Fatty change or steatosis occurs due to impaired lipid metabolism, often
in the liver.
Which signaling molecule is most responsible for initiating apoptosis via the
intrinsic pathway?
a) TNF-alpha
b) Cytochrome c
c) Caspase 8
d) Fast ligand
Correct answer: b) cytochrome c
Rationale: Intrinsic apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial release of cytochrome
c, which activates caspase 9.
Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis?
a) Coagulative
b) Liquefactive
c) Gaseous
d) Fat
Correct answer: c) gaseous
Rationale: Gaseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance, typical in
granulomatous inflammation of TB.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL FINAL EXAM 2026 COMPLETE
ACCURATE EXAM APPROVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
NEWEST UPDATED VERSION |ALREADY GRADED A+
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cell injury caused by
hypoxia?
a) Protein misfiling
b) ATP depletion
c) Free radical formation
d) Calcium influx
Correct answer: b) apt depletion
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing ATP
production. ATP depletion impairs Na⁺/K⁺ pumps, leading to cell swelling and
injury.
During apoptosis, which of the following occurs?
a) Cell swelling
b) Inflammatory response
c) Chromatin condensation
d) Membrane rupture
Correct answer: c) chromatin condensation
Rationale: Apoptosis is controlled cell death with chromatin condensation and
membrane blabbing, without inflammation.
Which organelle is most involved in free radical injury?
a) Lysosome
,b) Mitochondria
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Nucleus
Correct answer: b) mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative
phosphorylation; excess ROS cause lipid peroxidation and cell injury.
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
a) Necrosis is regulated; apoptosis is unregulated
b) Necrosis triggers inflammation; apoptosis does not
c) Necrosis occurs in single cells; apoptosis in groups
d) Necrosis involves caspases; apoptosis does not
Correct answer: b) necrosis triggers inflammation; apoptosis does not
Rationale: Necrosis leads to cell lysis and inflammation, while apoptosis is
programmed, non-inflammatory cell death.
Which type of cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic mechanical stress?
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Dysplasia
Correct answer: b) hypertrophy
Rationale: Cells increase in size (hypertrophy) to meet increased functional
demand, e.g., cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension.
Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes is called:
, a) Steatosis
b) Amyloidosis
c) Necrosis
d) Fibrosis
Correct answer: a) steatosis
Rationale: Fatty change or steatosis occurs due to impaired lipid metabolism, often
in the liver.
Which signaling molecule is most responsible for initiating apoptosis via the
intrinsic pathway?
a) TNF-alpha
b) Cytochrome c
c) Caspase 8
d) Fast ligand
Correct answer: b) cytochrome c
Rationale: Intrinsic apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial release of cytochrome
c, which activates caspase 9.
Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis?
a) Coagulative
b) Liquefactive
c) Gaseous
d) Fat
Correct answer: c) gaseous
Rationale: Gaseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance, typical in
granulomatous inflammation of TB.
