BPK 241 UPDATED TEST EXAMS MANUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Concussion - ✔✔Immediate, transient neurologic dysfunction due to trauma to
brain
SSx
- Decreased alertness, equilibrium
- Nausea and/or vomiting
- Headache; post-concussion syndrome
Complications
- Epidural haematoma (arterial)
- Subdural haematoma (venous)
- Airway obstruction
- Skull fracture (leads to infection)
Tx
- ABCD's (serial assessments, 24 hours)
- Stabilize (neck too!); to hospital ASAP
- No sports until SSx absent for week(s)
✔✔knee anatomy (joint types and bones) - ✔✔joint type
- anatomically = synovial
- functionally = hinge
- physiologically = rotation/rolling and gliding
bones
- femur
- tibia
- patella
✔✔knee articulation and stability - ✔✔articulation
- femoral condyles and menisci
- tibia plateau and menisci
- patella and femur
stability
- ligaments
- capsule
- menisci
- muscles
- tendons
✔✔menisci - ✔✔- its fibrocartilage
- it has a medial (more of a horseshoe) and lateral (more of an O shape)
- they attach to the tibial plateau and capsule
- provides cushion and stability and increases synovial fluid circulation
, ✔✔knee ligaments (and what movement they prevent) - ✔✔MCL - prevents valgus
mouvement
LCL - prevents varus mouvements
ACL - prevents anterior displacement of tibia on fixed femur and hyperextension
PCL - prevents posterior displacement of tibia on fixed femur
✔✔knee muscles - ✔✔quadriceps (knee extension)
- vastus medialis, intermedias, and lateralis
- rectus femoris
hamstrings (knee flexion)
- biceps femoris
- semimembranosis
- semitendinosis
gracilis (assists with knee flexion)
tensor fascia latae (adds to latteral stability)
✔✔Movements of the knee - ✔✔flexion and extension
- evolves rolling and gliding at the same time
locking mechanism
- the femur internally rotates or the tibia externally rotates (depending on which one is
fixed)
✔✔knee sprains - ✔✔Mechanisms
- Direct blow (e.g., valgus, anterior)
- Torsion or hyperextension
- Worse if foot is fixed (planted)
1st degree
- Mild pain, mild swelling
- NO limp, NO effusion, NO increased laxity
Tx = P.OL.I.C.E., physiotherapy ¤ ? brace
2nd degree
- Pain, tenderness, "snap"
- Swelling (and effusion if intraarticular)
- Limp
- Increased laxity with firm endpoint
Tx = as for 1st degree, plus see M.D.
3rd degree
- Complete rupture of ligament(s)
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Concussion - ✔✔Immediate, transient neurologic dysfunction due to trauma to
brain
SSx
- Decreased alertness, equilibrium
- Nausea and/or vomiting
- Headache; post-concussion syndrome
Complications
- Epidural haematoma (arterial)
- Subdural haematoma (venous)
- Airway obstruction
- Skull fracture (leads to infection)
Tx
- ABCD's (serial assessments, 24 hours)
- Stabilize (neck too!); to hospital ASAP
- No sports until SSx absent for week(s)
✔✔knee anatomy (joint types and bones) - ✔✔joint type
- anatomically = synovial
- functionally = hinge
- physiologically = rotation/rolling and gliding
bones
- femur
- tibia
- patella
✔✔knee articulation and stability - ✔✔articulation
- femoral condyles and menisci
- tibia plateau and menisci
- patella and femur
stability
- ligaments
- capsule
- menisci
- muscles
- tendons
✔✔menisci - ✔✔- its fibrocartilage
- it has a medial (more of a horseshoe) and lateral (more of an O shape)
- they attach to the tibial plateau and capsule
- provides cushion and stability and increases synovial fluid circulation
, ✔✔knee ligaments (and what movement they prevent) - ✔✔MCL - prevents valgus
mouvement
LCL - prevents varus mouvements
ACL - prevents anterior displacement of tibia on fixed femur and hyperextension
PCL - prevents posterior displacement of tibia on fixed femur
✔✔knee muscles - ✔✔quadriceps (knee extension)
- vastus medialis, intermedias, and lateralis
- rectus femoris
hamstrings (knee flexion)
- biceps femoris
- semimembranosis
- semitendinosis
gracilis (assists with knee flexion)
tensor fascia latae (adds to latteral stability)
✔✔Movements of the knee - ✔✔flexion and extension
- evolves rolling and gliding at the same time
locking mechanism
- the femur internally rotates or the tibia externally rotates (depending on which one is
fixed)
✔✔knee sprains - ✔✔Mechanisms
- Direct blow (e.g., valgus, anterior)
- Torsion or hyperextension
- Worse if foot is fixed (planted)
1st degree
- Mild pain, mild swelling
- NO limp, NO effusion, NO increased laxity
Tx = P.OL.I.C.E., physiotherapy ¤ ? brace
2nd degree
- Pain, tenderness, "snap"
- Swelling (and effusion if intraarticular)
- Limp
- Increased laxity with firm endpoint
Tx = as for 1st degree, plus see M.D.
3rd degree
- Complete rupture of ligament(s)
