PSYC 140 UPDATED EVALUATION EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What are the 5 S's? - ✔✔swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging,
sucking
✔✔why does swaddling and side/stomach help? - ✔✔- touch needed for early brain dev
and growth
- touch releases endorphins
- swaddling limits overstimulation
✔✔why does shushing help? - ✔✔shushing serves as white noise; babies prefer vocal
noises
✔✔why does swinging help? - ✔✔the motion may be similar to what babies
experienced in utero
✔✔how large can a baby be by the end of infancy? - ✔✔Up to 30 lbs, 32-35 inches tall
✔✔when does baby fat peak - ✔✔9 months; decreases with mobility
✔✔cephalocaudal trend - ✔✔during the prenatal period, the head develops more
rapidly than the lower part of the body
- period of rapid CNS development
- head disproportionately large
✔✔overproduction - ✔✔babies are born with all neurons and make a lot of synapses
early on, most are unneeded and are later pruned
✔✔critical period - ✔✔an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure
to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
✔✔proximodistal trend - ✔✔growth proceeds literally from "near to far" - from the center
of the body outward, ex. trunk muscles first, finger muscles later
✔✔sensorimotor stage - ✔✔in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of
age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions
and motor activities
✔✔schema - ✔✔a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information,
helps you make sense of an experience
✔✔assimilation - ✔✔interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
,✔✔accomodation - ✔✔adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate
new information
✔✔what are the two ways in which schemas change? - ✔✔- assimilation
- accommodation
✔✔what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage? - ✔✔1. simple reflexes
2. primary circular reaction
3. secondary circular reaction
4. coordination of SCR
5. tertiary circular reaction
6. internalization of schemes
✔✔simple reflex substage - ✔✔(1) babies have involuntary reflexes that serve as the
building blocks for future motor skills and cognitive gains
✔✔first habits and primary circular reactions substage - ✔✔(2) reflexive behaviors
become more voluntary. Baby purposefully tries to reproduce a pleasurable event that
occurred by chance. Infant is primary object, ex. thumb-sucking
✔✔secondary circular reaction - ✔✔(3) similar to PCR but with an object, ex. shaking a
rattle. Focused on external world. Learning through senses and mobility
✔✔coordination of secondary circular reactions - ✔✔(4) behavior becomes more
coordinated and goal-directed; they know what they want and will try to get things.
Avoiding certain things. Crying if desires frustrated
✔✔tertiary circular reactions - ✔✔(5) infant experiments and tries new things, using one
object to interact with another object (ex. drumming). Doing things continuously to see
how things work
✔✔internalization of schemes - ✔✔(6) infant can think about object w/o seeing it, uses
symbols/internal representation. OBJECT PERMANENCE; marks end of sensorimotor
✔✔how do you know if a baby does NOT have object permanence - ✔✔they will not
look for objects if you hide them
✔✔object permanence - ✔✔the awareness that things continue to exist even when not
perceived
✔✔what is the primary socioemotional task of infancy? - ✔✔developing a close bond
with caretaker
✔✔what are the three temperaments? - ✔✔easy, difficult, slow to warm up
, ✔✔easy temperament - ✔✔- easily establishes routines (eating, sleeping)
- adaptable to change in schedule
- adaptable to new experiences
- fairly happy
✔✔difficult temperament - ✔✔- difficult to put on regular schedule
- unpredictable in mood
- negative reactions to new people/situations
- cries frequently & extensively
✔✔slow-to-warm temperament - ✔✔- inactive overall
- can appear difficult in novel situations
- can slowly warm up and improve in mood
- doesn't have consistently good moods
✔✔attachment - ✔✔an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by
their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
✔✔John Bowlby - ✔✔Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's
attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when
separated from the caregiver. Crucial to develop close bond w/in first year
✔✔Mary Ainsworth - ✔✔developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal
separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of
parent/child attachment
✔✔Jerome Kagan - ✔✔Studies to indicate that in-born temperament may explain many
behaviors.
- genetics crucial
- children have different needs
✔✔when does separation anxiety peak in children? - ✔✔6-24 months
✔✔behaviors associated with separation anxiety - ✔✔crying, searching for parent,
reaching toward parent, following parent
✔✔what are the four types of attachments? - ✔✔secure, avoidant, resistant,
disorganized
✔✔strange situation test - ✔✔A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is
staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment
✔✔secure attachment - ✔✔- consistent care
- sees others as helpful, self as worthy of respect
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What are the 5 S's? - ✔✔swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging,
sucking
✔✔why does swaddling and side/stomach help? - ✔✔- touch needed for early brain dev
and growth
- touch releases endorphins
- swaddling limits overstimulation
✔✔why does shushing help? - ✔✔shushing serves as white noise; babies prefer vocal
noises
✔✔why does swinging help? - ✔✔the motion may be similar to what babies
experienced in utero
✔✔how large can a baby be by the end of infancy? - ✔✔Up to 30 lbs, 32-35 inches tall
✔✔when does baby fat peak - ✔✔9 months; decreases with mobility
✔✔cephalocaudal trend - ✔✔during the prenatal period, the head develops more
rapidly than the lower part of the body
- period of rapid CNS development
- head disproportionately large
✔✔overproduction - ✔✔babies are born with all neurons and make a lot of synapses
early on, most are unneeded and are later pruned
✔✔critical period - ✔✔an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure
to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
✔✔proximodistal trend - ✔✔growth proceeds literally from "near to far" - from the center
of the body outward, ex. trunk muscles first, finger muscles later
✔✔sensorimotor stage - ✔✔in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of
age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions
and motor activities
✔✔schema - ✔✔a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information,
helps you make sense of an experience
✔✔assimilation - ✔✔interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
,✔✔accomodation - ✔✔adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate
new information
✔✔what are the two ways in which schemas change? - ✔✔- assimilation
- accommodation
✔✔what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage? - ✔✔1. simple reflexes
2. primary circular reaction
3. secondary circular reaction
4. coordination of SCR
5. tertiary circular reaction
6. internalization of schemes
✔✔simple reflex substage - ✔✔(1) babies have involuntary reflexes that serve as the
building blocks for future motor skills and cognitive gains
✔✔first habits and primary circular reactions substage - ✔✔(2) reflexive behaviors
become more voluntary. Baby purposefully tries to reproduce a pleasurable event that
occurred by chance. Infant is primary object, ex. thumb-sucking
✔✔secondary circular reaction - ✔✔(3) similar to PCR but with an object, ex. shaking a
rattle. Focused on external world. Learning through senses and mobility
✔✔coordination of secondary circular reactions - ✔✔(4) behavior becomes more
coordinated and goal-directed; they know what they want and will try to get things.
Avoiding certain things. Crying if desires frustrated
✔✔tertiary circular reactions - ✔✔(5) infant experiments and tries new things, using one
object to interact with another object (ex. drumming). Doing things continuously to see
how things work
✔✔internalization of schemes - ✔✔(6) infant can think about object w/o seeing it, uses
symbols/internal representation. OBJECT PERMANENCE; marks end of sensorimotor
✔✔how do you know if a baby does NOT have object permanence - ✔✔they will not
look for objects if you hide them
✔✔object permanence - ✔✔the awareness that things continue to exist even when not
perceived
✔✔what is the primary socioemotional task of infancy? - ✔✔developing a close bond
with caretaker
✔✔what are the three temperaments? - ✔✔easy, difficult, slow to warm up
, ✔✔easy temperament - ✔✔- easily establishes routines (eating, sleeping)
- adaptable to change in schedule
- adaptable to new experiences
- fairly happy
✔✔difficult temperament - ✔✔- difficult to put on regular schedule
- unpredictable in mood
- negative reactions to new people/situations
- cries frequently & extensively
✔✔slow-to-warm temperament - ✔✔- inactive overall
- can appear difficult in novel situations
- can slowly warm up and improve in mood
- doesn't have consistently good moods
✔✔attachment - ✔✔an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by
their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
✔✔John Bowlby - ✔✔Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's
attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when
separated from the caregiver. Crucial to develop close bond w/in first year
✔✔Mary Ainsworth - ✔✔developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal
separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of
parent/child attachment
✔✔Jerome Kagan - ✔✔Studies to indicate that in-born temperament may explain many
behaviors.
- genetics crucial
- children have different needs
✔✔when does separation anxiety peak in children? - ✔✔6-24 months
✔✔behaviors associated with separation anxiety - ✔✔crying, searching for parent,
reaching toward parent, following parent
✔✔what are the four types of attachments? - ✔✔secure, avoidant, resistant,
disorganized
✔✔strange situation test - ✔✔A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is
staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment
✔✔secure attachment - ✔✔- consistent care
- sees others as helpful, self as worthy of respect
