, Nurs 5315 UTA exam 1
Atrophy
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
Hypertrophy
E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
Hyperplasia
E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
Dysplasia
E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
Metaplasia
E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
Hypoxia injury
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
,Free radical and ROS
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Ethanol
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and
pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also
r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
, Liquefactive Necrosis
nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis
lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine,
or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe
dehydration
P. hypoxia leads to cell death, cellular contents are released in bloodstream.
C.M. CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin origin
germ cell tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen
prostate tumors
Atrophy
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
Hypertrophy
E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
Hyperplasia
E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
Dysplasia
E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
Metaplasia
E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
Hypoxia injury
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic
metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
,Free radical and ROS
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis
Ethanol
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and
pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification
accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also
r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation
sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
, Liquefactive Necrosis
nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis
lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis
breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis
Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout
E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine,
or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis
E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe
dehydration
P. hypoxia leads to cell death, cellular contents are released in bloodstream.
C.M. CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin origin
germ cell tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen
prostate tumors
