PLTW Medical Interventions- 1.4 Review Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update
2026/2027
Edward Jenner - Answers Gave boy a different strand of pox (cow pox) to use as a virus.
Because a virus only runs once, it worked as a vaccine. Then gave the boy smallpox, and the boy
was immune.
Innate Immunity - Answers nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately
or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body (skin and chemicals)
Acquired Immunity - Answers get sick, activates immune system, acquires immunity; includes
vaccines
Passive Immunity - Answers mother passes on antibodies to child through breastfeeding
Live- Attenuated Vaccines - Answers Alive, but very weak; Made when the virus is weakened to
such a level that they reproduce only 20 times in the body; Potential of side effects; EX: MMR
(measles, mumps and rubella combination vaccine), varicella and the intranasal form of
influenza.
Inactivated Vaccines - Answers Bacteria is completely killed using a chemical, usually
formaldehyde; Dead pieces of bacteria are put into vaccine; Strength tends to wear off over time
Multiple doses are necessary; Zero chance of developing disease related symptoms; EX:
hepatitis A, hepatitis B, poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), meningococcal,
pneumococcal and the injected form of influenza.
Complement System - Answers group of proteins that meets invaders such as bacteria
Antigens - Answers molecules that the body recognizes as foreign substances
Complement Proteins - Answers trigger inflammation, attract eater cells such as macrophages
to the area, coat intruders so that the eater cells are more likely to devour them, kill intruders
Phagocytes - Answers group of immune cells specialized in finding and "eating" bacteria,
viruses, and dead or injured body cells; types include granulocyte, the macrophage, and the
dendritic cell
Granulocytes - Answers often take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders
in large numbers, and "eat" until they die. The pus in an infected wound consists chiefly of dead
granulocytes. A small part of the granulocyte community is specialized in attacking larger
parasites such as worms.
Macrophages ("big eaters") - Answers are slower to respond to invaders than the granulocytes,
but they are larger, live longer, and have far greater capacities. Macrophages also play a key part
in alerting the rest of the immune system of invaders. Macrophages start out as white blood
, cells called monocytes. Monocytes that leave the bloodstream turn into macrophages.
Dendritic cells - Answers "eater" cells and devour intruders, like the granulocytes and the
macrophages. And like the macrophages, the dendritic cells help with the activation of the rest
of the immune system. They are also capable of filtering body fluids to clear them of foreign
organisms and particles.
Lymphocytes - Answers white blood cells that originate in the bone marrow but migrate to parts
of the lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus; types include T cells and
B cells
lymph vessels - Answers for transportation and storage of lymphocyte cells within the body
T Cells - Answers include helper and killer cells
Helper T cells - Answers are the major driving force and the main regulators of the immune
defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T cells.
Killer T cell - Answers is specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses and
sometimes also by bacteria. It can also attack cancer cells.
B lymphocyte cell - Answers searches for antigen matching its receptors. If it finds such antigen
it connects to it, and inside the B cell a triggering signal is set off.
Plasma cell - Answers is specialized in producing a specific protein, called an antibody, that will
respond to the same antigen that matched the B cell receptor.
Memory Cells - Answers are the second cell type produced by the division of B cells. These cells
have a prolonged life span and can thereby "remember" specific intruders.
First line of defense of immune system - Answers skin, mucous membranes
Second line of defense of immune system - Answers groups of cells, tissues, organs; eater cells
Third line of defense of immune system - Answers memory cells
Similar Pathogen Vaccine - Answers (live attenuated) begin with pathogen and alter it in some
way
Smallpox virus - Answers contain cowpox viruses but not the bacteria and other impurities
found in the fluid collected from such pustules
Attenuated Vaccine - Answers (live attenuated) alters pathogen; must be similar but not
identical; protect against mumps, polio, rubella, and yellow fever
Measles virus - Answers starts with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It's
followed by a rash that spreads over the body. Measles virus is highly contagious virus and
2026/2027
Edward Jenner - Answers Gave boy a different strand of pox (cow pox) to use as a virus.
Because a virus only runs once, it worked as a vaccine. Then gave the boy smallpox, and the boy
was immune.
Innate Immunity - Answers nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately
or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body (skin and chemicals)
Acquired Immunity - Answers get sick, activates immune system, acquires immunity; includes
vaccines
Passive Immunity - Answers mother passes on antibodies to child through breastfeeding
Live- Attenuated Vaccines - Answers Alive, but very weak; Made when the virus is weakened to
such a level that they reproduce only 20 times in the body; Potential of side effects; EX: MMR
(measles, mumps and rubella combination vaccine), varicella and the intranasal form of
influenza.
Inactivated Vaccines - Answers Bacteria is completely killed using a chemical, usually
formaldehyde; Dead pieces of bacteria are put into vaccine; Strength tends to wear off over time
Multiple doses are necessary; Zero chance of developing disease related symptoms; EX:
hepatitis A, hepatitis B, poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), meningococcal,
pneumococcal and the injected form of influenza.
Complement System - Answers group of proteins that meets invaders such as bacteria
Antigens - Answers molecules that the body recognizes as foreign substances
Complement Proteins - Answers trigger inflammation, attract eater cells such as macrophages
to the area, coat intruders so that the eater cells are more likely to devour them, kill intruders
Phagocytes - Answers group of immune cells specialized in finding and "eating" bacteria,
viruses, and dead or injured body cells; types include granulocyte, the macrophage, and the
dendritic cell
Granulocytes - Answers often take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders
in large numbers, and "eat" until they die. The pus in an infected wound consists chiefly of dead
granulocytes. A small part of the granulocyte community is specialized in attacking larger
parasites such as worms.
Macrophages ("big eaters") - Answers are slower to respond to invaders than the granulocytes,
but they are larger, live longer, and have far greater capacities. Macrophages also play a key part
in alerting the rest of the immune system of invaders. Macrophages start out as white blood
, cells called monocytes. Monocytes that leave the bloodstream turn into macrophages.
Dendritic cells - Answers "eater" cells and devour intruders, like the granulocytes and the
macrophages. And like the macrophages, the dendritic cells help with the activation of the rest
of the immune system. They are also capable of filtering body fluids to clear them of foreign
organisms and particles.
Lymphocytes - Answers white blood cells that originate in the bone marrow but migrate to parts
of the lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus; types include T cells and
B cells
lymph vessels - Answers for transportation and storage of lymphocyte cells within the body
T Cells - Answers include helper and killer cells
Helper T cells - Answers are the major driving force and the main regulators of the immune
defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T cells.
Killer T cell - Answers is specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses and
sometimes also by bacteria. It can also attack cancer cells.
B lymphocyte cell - Answers searches for antigen matching its receptors. If it finds such antigen
it connects to it, and inside the B cell a triggering signal is set off.
Plasma cell - Answers is specialized in producing a specific protein, called an antibody, that will
respond to the same antigen that matched the B cell receptor.
Memory Cells - Answers are the second cell type produced by the division of B cells. These cells
have a prolonged life span and can thereby "remember" specific intruders.
First line of defense of immune system - Answers skin, mucous membranes
Second line of defense of immune system - Answers groups of cells, tissues, organs; eater cells
Third line of defense of immune system - Answers memory cells
Similar Pathogen Vaccine - Answers (live attenuated) begin with pathogen and alter it in some
way
Smallpox virus - Answers contain cowpox viruses but not the bacteria and other impurities
found in the fluid collected from such pustules
Attenuated Vaccine - Answers (live attenuated) alters pathogen; must be similar but not
identical; protect against mumps, polio, rubella, and yellow fever
Measles virus - Answers starts with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It's
followed by a rash that spreads over the body. Measles virus is highly contagious virus and
