Advanced Pharmacology for
Prescribers (1st Edition)
⏹ Pharmacogenetics. Answer: Study of how genetic makeup affects
response to drugs (identifying genes that account for varying drug
reactions in different people)
Most common DNA variation are single nucleotide polymorphisms
Most focused on genes encoding:
-metabolic enzymes --> alter a drug's activity
-defective structural proteins --> increased susceptibility to disease
⏹ Pharmacology. Answer: Science that deals with the origin, nature,
chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs; the characteristics or properties of
a drug, especially those that make it medically effective
⏹ Pharmacokinetics. Answer: Relationship between the dose and the
concentration of that drug in body fluids and tissues over time
"what the body does with drug" --> study of the time course of a drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
,-Metabolism/biotransformation
-Excretion/elimination
⏹ Pharmacodynamics. Answer: The relationship between drug
concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect --> "what the
drug does to the body/result you see in the pt at a predefined dosage
regimen"
Pharmacological effect is due to the alteration of an intrinsic physiologic
process and not the creation of a new process.
Looks at mechanism of drug action, efficacy, and safety profile.
-Receptor interaction
-Signal transduction
-Physiologic effect
-Pt's functional status
⏹ Important Drug Characteristics. Answer: -Effectiveness*
-Safety*
-Selectivity --> don't want the drug to do more than it has to
⏹ Movement of Drugs Across Membranes. Answer: Drugs pass through
cells via:
, -Channels and pores --> small so only only small compounds can move
this way (Na, K, etc)
-Transport systems --> carriers that move drugs from one side to the
other, often selective (depends on drug structure), some require energy
-Direct penetration of the membrane --> must be lipid soluble
(lipophilic) e.g., transdermals
*NOTE: drugs can exist in charged or uncharged forms, ions are unable
to travel across membranes - only neutral molecules will travel through
membranes!
⏹ Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Answer: Application of pharmacokinetic
principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in
an individual patient --> what dose to give how often, etc.
⏹ Enteral Administration. Answer: tongue --> down
oral, rectal, sublingual, buccal
⏹ Parenteral Administration. Answer: injectable
IV, IM, SC, intra-articular, intrathecal
⏹ Sublingual Administration. Answer: good absorption through
capillary bed under the tongue, fast absorption, not affected by first-pass
metabolism
Prescribers (1st Edition)
⏹ Pharmacogenetics. Answer: Study of how genetic makeup affects
response to drugs (identifying genes that account for varying drug
reactions in different people)
Most common DNA variation are single nucleotide polymorphisms
Most focused on genes encoding:
-metabolic enzymes --> alter a drug's activity
-defective structural proteins --> increased susceptibility to disease
⏹ Pharmacology. Answer: Science that deals with the origin, nature,
chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs; the characteristics or properties of
a drug, especially those that make it medically effective
⏹ Pharmacokinetics. Answer: Relationship between the dose and the
concentration of that drug in body fluids and tissues over time
"what the body does with drug" --> study of the time course of a drug
-Absorption
-Distribution
,-Metabolism/biotransformation
-Excretion/elimination
⏹ Pharmacodynamics. Answer: The relationship between drug
concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect --> "what the
drug does to the body/result you see in the pt at a predefined dosage
regimen"
Pharmacological effect is due to the alteration of an intrinsic physiologic
process and not the creation of a new process.
Looks at mechanism of drug action, efficacy, and safety profile.
-Receptor interaction
-Signal transduction
-Physiologic effect
-Pt's functional status
⏹ Important Drug Characteristics. Answer: -Effectiveness*
-Safety*
-Selectivity --> don't want the drug to do more than it has to
⏹ Movement of Drugs Across Membranes. Answer: Drugs pass through
cells via:
, -Channels and pores --> small so only only small compounds can move
this way (Na, K, etc)
-Transport systems --> carriers that move drugs from one side to the
other, often selective (depends on drug structure), some require energy
-Direct penetration of the membrane --> must be lipid soluble
(lipophilic) e.g., transdermals
*NOTE: drugs can exist in charged or uncharged forms, ions are unable
to travel across membranes - only neutral molecules will travel through
membranes!
⏹ Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Answer: Application of pharmacokinetic
principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in
an individual patient --> what dose to give how often, etc.
⏹ Enteral Administration. Answer: tongue --> down
oral, rectal, sublingual, buccal
⏹ Parenteral Administration. Answer: injectable
IV, IM, SC, intra-articular, intrathecal
⏹ Sublingual Administration. Answer: good absorption through
capillary bed under the tongue, fast absorption, not affected by first-pass
metabolism
