Summary AQA A-Level Chemistry 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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Unit 3.3.1 - Introduction to organic chemistry
Institución
AQA
Book
AQA Chemistry A Level Student Book
These are detailed Revision Notes for Topic 3.1 of AQA A-Level Chemistry (Introduction to Organic Chemistry). They were written by me using a combination of the textbook and class notes. I will also be uploading the other topics and creating bundles.
Topics Included:
- Carbon Compounds
- Nomenc...
AQA A-Level Chemistry 1.7 Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
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AQA
A Level Chemistry
Unit 3.3.1 - Introduction to organic chemistry
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Introduction to Organic Chemistry
11.1 Carbon compounds
11.1 Carbon Compounds
- The chemistry of carbon compounds, organic means to 11.2 nomenclature – naming organic compounds
do with living things. 11.3 isomerism
- Carbon can form rings and long chains, which may be
branched.
- Carbon-carbon bonds are strong (347kJmol-1) and non-polar.
- Carbon-hydrogen bond is also very strong (413kJmol-1) and relatively non-polar.
- In all stable compounds carbon forms 4 covalent bonds and has 8 outer shell electrons.
- It can either:
o Form 4 single bonds e.g., methane
H
|
H C H
|
|
|
H
o Form 2 single bonds and one double bond e.g., ethene
H H
\ /
C C
/ \
||
H H
o Form 1 single bond and one triple bond e.g., ethyne
H C C H
|||
|
|
- Formula of carbon compounds:
o Empirical formula ~ a formula that shows the simplest ratio of the atoms of each
element present in a compound
o Molecular formula ~ the actual number of atoms of each element in the molecule.
o Displayed formula ~ shows every atom and every bond in the molecule.
o Structural formula ~ shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule, in a simplified form
without showing all the bonds. Each carbon is written separately, with atoms or groups
attached to it.
o Skeletal formula ~ C atoms aren’t drawn. Straight lines represent C-C bonds, carbon
atoms are assumed to be where the bonds meet, neither H atoms nor C-H bonds are
drawn (each carbon is assumed to make a total of 4 bonds). Also gives a rough idea of
bond angles.
o Three-dimensional structural formulae ~ shows 3D structure bonds coming out of the
paper show by wedges and bonds going into the page shown by dotted lines.
- Reaction Mechanisms
Curly Arrows
o You can often explain organic reactions by considering the movement of electrons.
o Electrons are negative so tend to move from areas of high electron density to more
positively charged areas.
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