FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference
Ch. 1 — Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology — Structure–
Function Relationships
Question Stem
A student observes that red blood cells lack a nucleus and most
organelles. When asked to justify how this structural feature
supports physiological performance, the student must integrate
anatomy with function rather than list definitions. Which
explanation best reflects this structure–function relationship?
,Options
A. The absence of a nucleus prevents mitosis, stabilizing red
blood cell populations
B. Removing internal structures maximizes surface area for gas
exchange and hemoglobin content
C. The lack of organelles reduces metabolic activity to prevent
oxygen consumption
D. Structural simplicity allows red blood cells to survive longer
in circulation
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): Red blood cells are structurally specialized to
maximize internal space for hemoglobin and surface area for
diffusion. This anatomical adaptation directly supports their
physiological role in oxygen transport, illustrating structure–
function integration emphasized in A&P.
Incorrect (A): Cell division is irrelevant to mature red blood cell
function and does not explain oxygen transport efficiency.
Incorrect (C): Reduced metabolism is a consequence, not the
primary functional advantage highlighted in structure–function
analysis.
Incorrect (D): Lifespan is regulated by spleen filtration, not
structural simplicity alone.
Teaching Point
Structure determines physiological efficiency.
,Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Question Stem
During a lab discussion, students trace muscle contraction from
protein interactions to whole-organism movement. Which
sequence correctly reflects the hierarchical levels of biological
organization involved in this physiological process?
Options
A. Cellular → Chemical → Tissue → Organ → System →
Organism
B. Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System →
Organism
C. Tissue → Cellular → Chemical → Organ → System →
Organism
D. Chemical → Tissue → Cellular → Organ → System →
Organism
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): Muscle contraction begins at the chemical level
, (actin–myosin interactions), progresses through cells and
tissues, and culminates in coordinated organ system and
organismal movement.
Incorrect (A): Cellular processes cannot precede chemical
interactions.
Incorrect (C): Tissues cannot function independently of cells
and molecules.
Incorrect (D): Tissue organization depends on cellular structure.
Teaching Point
Physiological function emerges from hierarchical organization.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
Reference
Ch. 1 — Anatomy vs. Physiology
Question Stem
Two students examine the same heart specimen. One describes
wall thickness and chamber size, while the other explains how
pressure gradients drive blood flow. How do these perspectives
differ conceptually?
Options
A. Structural vs. biochemical analysis
B. Gross anatomy vs. microscopic anatomy
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference
Ch. 1 — Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology — Structure–
Function Relationships
Question Stem
A student observes that red blood cells lack a nucleus and most
organelles. When asked to justify how this structural feature
supports physiological performance, the student must integrate
anatomy with function rather than list definitions. Which
explanation best reflects this structure–function relationship?
,Options
A. The absence of a nucleus prevents mitosis, stabilizing red
blood cell populations
B. Removing internal structures maximizes surface area for gas
exchange and hemoglobin content
C. The lack of organelles reduces metabolic activity to prevent
oxygen consumption
D. Structural simplicity allows red blood cells to survive longer
in circulation
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): Red blood cells are structurally specialized to
maximize internal space for hemoglobin and surface area for
diffusion. This anatomical adaptation directly supports their
physiological role in oxygen transport, illustrating structure–
function integration emphasized in A&P.
Incorrect (A): Cell division is irrelevant to mature red blood cell
function and does not explain oxygen transport efficiency.
Incorrect (C): Reduced metabolism is a consequence, not the
primary functional advantage highlighted in structure–function
analysis.
Incorrect (D): Lifespan is regulated by spleen filtration, not
structural simplicity alone.
Teaching Point
Structure determines physiological efficiency.
,Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Question Stem
During a lab discussion, students trace muscle contraction from
protein interactions to whole-organism movement. Which
sequence correctly reflects the hierarchical levels of biological
organization involved in this physiological process?
Options
A. Cellular → Chemical → Tissue → Organ → System →
Organism
B. Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System →
Organism
C. Tissue → Cellular → Chemical → Organ → System →
Organism
D. Chemical → Tissue → Cellular → Organ → System →
Organism
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): Muscle contraction begins at the chemical level
, (actin–myosin interactions), progresses through cells and
tissues, and culminates in coordinated organ system and
organismal movement.
Incorrect (A): Cellular processes cannot precede chemical
interactions.
Incorrect (C): Tissues cannot function independently of cells
and molecules.
Incorrect (D): Tissue organization depends on cellular structure.
Teaching Point
Physiological function emerges from hierarchical organization.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
Reference
Ch. 1 — Anatomy vs. Physiology
Question Stem
Two students examine the same heart specimen. One describes
wall thickness and chamber size, while the other explains how
pressure gradients drive blood flow. How do these perspectives
differ conceptually?
Options
A. Structural vs. biochemical analysis
B. Gross anatomy vs. microscopic anatomy
