PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are some complications of Diabetes? Answer: Paresthesia,
Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension,
Nephropathy
◉ What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? Answer: Gluten
Intolerance
Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley
◉ What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? Answer:
Increased Ammonia Levels
◉ How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer
disease? Answer: Acts of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and
decreases the secretion of stomach acids
◉ What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? Answer:
Chron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
, ◉ Chron's Disease Answer: Hardening of the smooth muscles -
things aren't being absorbed.
◉ Ulcerative Colitis Answer: Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of
colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)
◉ What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic
ulcer disease? Answer: Spicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications,
Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori
◉ What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? Answer: Pain
when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat
food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool
◉ What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? Answer: Early
period & Late menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic
history - especially if mom/sister has it
◉ What increases the risk for having candidiasis? Answer: Oral or IV
Antibiotics
◉ How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? Answer: A: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What are some complications of Diabetes? Answer: Paresthesia,
Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension,
Nephropathy
◉ What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? Answer: Gluten
Intolerance
Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley
◉ What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? Answer:
Increased Ammonia Levels
◉ How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer
disease? Answer: Acts of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and
decreases the secretion of stomach acids
◉ What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? Answer:
Chron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
, ◉ Chron's Disease Answer: Hardening of the smooth muscles -
things aren't being absorbed.
◉ Ulcerative Colitis Answer: Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of
colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)
◉ What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic
ulcer disease? Answer: Spicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications,
Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori
◉ What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? Answer: Pain
when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat
food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool
◉ What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? Answer: Early
period & Late menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic
history - especially if mom/sister has it
◉ What increases the risk for having candidiasis? Answer: Oral or IV
Antibiotics
◉ How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? Answer: A: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
