Test Bank for Pharmacology
and the Nursing Process 10th
Edition By Linda Lilley, Shelly
Collins, Julie Snyder Chapter 1-
58. Exam Study Guide: GRADED
A+. Questions and Verified
Answers. Latest 2026 Update
bronchodilators overview - Ans✔✔-Bronchodilators are an important part of
the pharmacotherapy for all respiratory diseases. These drugs relax bronchial
smooth muscle, which causes dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that are
narrowed as a result of the disease process. There are three classes of such
drugs: beta adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and xanthine derivatives.
beta andregenic drug overview - Ans✔✔-The beta-adrenergic agonists are a
group of drugs that are commonly used during the acute phase of an asthmatic
attack to quickly reduce airway constriction and restore airflow to normal. They
are agonists of the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system.
The beta and alpha adrenergic receptors are discussed in Chapters 18 and 19.
The beta agonists imitate the effects of norepinephrine on beta receptors. For
this reason, they are also called sympathomimetic bronchodilators. The beta
agonists are categorized by their onset of action. Short-acting beta agonist
,(SABA) inhalers include albuterol (Ventolin), levalbuterol (Xopenex), pirbuterol
(Maxair), terbutaline (Brethine), and metaproterenol (Alupent). Long-acting
beta agonist (LABA) inhalers include arformoterol (Brovana), formoterol
(Foradil, Perforomist), and salmeterol (Serevent). The newest long-acting beta
agonists are indacterol (Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in conjunction with
fluticasone (Breo Ellipta); and vilanterol in conjunction with the anticholinergic
umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta). The term Ellipta refers to a new delivery system.
Because the long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) have a longer onset of action,
they must never be used for acute treatment. Patients must be taught to use
the short-acting beta agonist (SABA) as rescue treatment.
short acting beta agonist - Ans✔✔-albuterol (Ventolin), levalbuterol (Xopenex),
pirbuterol (Maxair), terbutaline (Brethine), and metaproterenol (Alupent).
Albuterol - Ans✔✔-Class : beta 2 agonist (short acting)
Indications and mechanisms of action: is a short-acting beta2-specific
bronchodilating beta agonist. Other similar drugs include bitolterol (Tornalate),
levalbuterol (Xopenex), pirbuterol (Maxair), and terbutaline (Brethine).
Albuterol is the most commonly used drug in this class. If albuterol is used too
frequently, dose-related adverse effects may be seen, because albuterol loses
its beta2-specific actions, especially at larger dosages
Contraindications :. As a consequence, the beta1 receptors are stimulated,
which causes nausea, increased anxiety, palpitations, tremors, and an
increased heart rate.
Route: po and inhalation
,Other facts: levorotatory isomeric form of albuterol, levalbuterol, is sometimes
prescribed as an albuterol alternative for patients with certain risk factors (e.g.,
tachycardia, including tachycardia associated with albuterol treatment). (Lilley
583)
Lilley, Linda, Shelly Collins, Julie Snyder. Pharmacology and the Nursing Process,
8th Edition. Mosby, 022016. VitalBook file.
long acting beta agonist - Ans✔✔-arformoterol (Brovana), formoterol (Foradil,
Perforomist), and salmeterol (Serevent). The newest long-acting beta agonists
are indacterol (Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in conjunction with fluticasone
(Breo Ellipta); and vilanterol in conjunction with the anticholinergic
umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta)
beta andregenic mechanism of action and drug effect - Ans✔✔-The beta
agonists relax and dilate airways by stimulating the beta2-adrenergic receptors
located throughout the lungs.
582
There are three subtypes of these drugs, based on their selectivity for beta2
receptors:
1. Nonselective adrenergic drugs, which stimulate the beta, beta1 (cardiac),
and beta2 (respiratory) receptors. Example: epinephrine. (NOTE: Epinephrine
inhalers were taken off the market in 2012 because they did not comply with
FDA requirements). Epinephrine is available as a prefilled syringe for self-
administration by patients with severe allergic reactions and is called EpiPen
(Figure 37-2).
, 2. Nonselective beta-adrenergic drugs, which stimulate both beta1 and beta2
receptors. Example: metaproterenol.
3. Selective beta2 drugs, which primarily stimulate the beta2 receptors.
Example: albuterol.
These drugs can also be categorized according to their routes of administration
as oral, injectable, or inhaled. The various beta agonist bronchodilators are
listed in Table 37-3. The bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle. When
the smooth muscle contracts, the airways are narrowed and the amount of
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged is reduced. The action of beta agonist
bronchodilators begins at the specific receptor stimulated and ends with the
relaxation and dilation of the airways. However, many reactions must take
place at the cellular level for bronchodilation to occur. When a beta2-
adrenergic receptor is stimulated by a beta agonist, adenylate cyclase is
activated and produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenylate
cyclase is an enzyme needed to make cAMP. The increased levels of cAMP
cause bronchial smooth muscles to relax, which results in bronchial dilation
and increased airflow into and out of the lungs.
Nonselective adrenergic agonist drugs such as epinephrine also stimulate
alpha-ad
indications of beta andregenics - Ans✔✔-The primary therapeutic effect of the
beta agonists is the prevention or relief of bronchospasm related to bronchial
asthma, bronchitis, and other pulmonary diseases. However, they are also used
for effects outside the respiratory system. Because some of these drugs have
the ability to stimulate both beta1- and alpha-adrenergic receptors, they may
be used to treat hypotension and shock (see Chapter 18).
and the Nursing Process 10th
Edition By Linda Lilley, Shelly
Collins, Julie Snyder Chapter 1-
58. Exam Study Guide: GRADED
A+. Questions and Verified
Answers. Latest 2026 Update
bronchodilators overview - Ans✔✔-Bronchodilators are an important part of
the pharmacotherapy for all respiratory diseases. These drugs relax bronchial
smooth muscle, which causes dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that are
narrowed as a result of the disease process. There are three classes of such
drugs: beta adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and xanthine derivatives.
beta andregenic drug overview - Ans✔✔-The beta-adrenergic agonists are a
group of drugs that are commonly used during the acute phase of an asthmatic
attack to quickly reduce airway constriction and restore airflow to normal. They
are agonists of the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system.
The beta and alpha adrenergic receptors are discussed in Chapters 18 and 19.
The beta agonists imitate the effects of norepinephrine on beta receptors. For
this reason, they are also called sympathomimetic bronchodilators. The beta
agonists are categorized by their onset of action. Short-acting beta agonist
,(SABA) inhalers include albuterol (Ventolin), levalbuterol (Xopenex), pirbuterol
(Maxair), terbutaline (Brethine), and metaproterenol (Alupent). Long-acting
beta agonist (LABA) inhalers include arformoterol (Brovana), formoterol
(Foradil, Perforomist), and salmeterol (Serevent). The newest long-acting beta
agonists are indacterol (Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in conjunction with
fluticasone (Breo Ellipta); and vilanterol in conjunction with the anticholinergic
umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta). The term Ellipta refers to a new delivery system.
Because the long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) have a longer onset of action,
they must never be used for acute treatment. Patients must be taught to use
the short-acting beta agonist (SABA) as rescue treatment.
short acting beta agonist - Ans✔✔-albuterol (Ventolin), levalbuterol (Xopenex),
pirbuterol (Maxair), terbutaline (Brethine), and metaproterenol (Alupent).
Albuterol - Ans✔✔-Class : beta 2 agonist (short acting)
Indications and mechanisms of action: is a short-acting beta2-specific
bronchodilating beta agonist. Other similar drugs include bitolterol (Tornalate),
levalbuterol (Xopenex), pirbuterol (Maxair), and terbutaline (Brethine).
Albuterol is the most commonly used drug in this class. If albuterol is used too
frequently, dose-related adverse effects may be seen, because albuterol loses
its beta2-specific actions, especially at larger dosages
Contraindications :. As a consequence, the beta1 receptors are stimulated,
which causes nausea, increased anxiety, palpitations, tremors, and an
increased heart rate.
Route: po and inhalation
,Other facts: levorotatory isomeric form of albuterol, levalbuterol, is sometimes
prescribed as an albuterol alternative for patients with certain risk factors (e.g.,
tachycardia, including tachycardia associated with albuterol treatment). (Lilley
583)
Lilley, Linda, Shelly Collins, Julie Snyder. Pharmacology and the Nursing Process,
8th Edition. Mosby, 022016. VitalBook file.
long acting beta agonist - Ans✔✔-arformoterol (Brovana), formoterol (Foradil,
Perforomist), and salmeterol (Serevent). The newest long-acting beta agonists
are indacterol (Arcapta Neohaler); vilanterol in conjunction with fluticasone
(Breo Ellipta); and vilanterol in conjunction with the anticholinergic
umeclidinium (Anoro Ellipta)
beta andregenic mechanism of action and drug effect - Ans✔✔-The beta
agonists relax and dilate airways by stimulating the beta2-adrenergic receptors
located throughout the lungs.
582
There are three subtypes of these drugs, based on their selectivity for beta2
receptors:
1. Nonselective adrenergic drugs, which stimulate the beta, beta1 (cardiac),
and beta2 (respiratory) receptors. Example: epinephrine. (NOTE: Epinephrine
inhalers were taken off the market in 2012 because they did not comply with
FDA requirements). Epinephrine is available as a prefilled syringe for self-
administration by patients with severe allergic reactions and is called EpiPen
(Figure 37-2).
, 2. Nonselective beta-adrenergic drugs, which stimulate both beta1 and beta2
receptors. Example: metaproterenol.
3. Selective beta2 drugs, which primarily stimulate the beta2 receptors.
Example: albuterol.
These drugs can also be categorized according to their routes of administration
as oral, injectable, or inhaled. The various beta agonist bronchodilators are
listed in Table 37-3. The bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle. When
the smooth muscle contracts, the airways are narrowed and the amount of
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged is reduced. The action of beta agonist
bronchodilators begins at the specific receptor stimulated and ends with the
relaxation and dilation of the airways. However, many reactions must take
place at the cellular level for bronchodilation to occur. When a beta2-
adrenergic receptor is stimulated by a beta agonist, adenylate cyclase is
activated and produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenylate
cyclase is an enzyme needed to make cAMP. The increased levels of cAMP
cause bronchial smooth muscles to relax, which results in bronchial dilation
and increased airflow into and out of the lungs.
Nonselective adrenergic agonist drugs such as epinephrine also stimulate
alpha-ad
indications of beta andregenics - Ans✔✔-The primary therapeutic effect of the
beta agonists is the prevention or relief of bronchospasm related to bronchial
asthma, bronchitis, and other pulmonary diseases. However, they are also used
for effects outside the respiratory system. Because some of these drugs have
the ability to stimulate both beta1- and alpha-adrenergic receptors, they may
be used to treat hypotension and shock (see Chapter 18).
