CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
DISEASE AND DISORDERS EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+ 2026
◉Where is the heart located? Answer: Within the mediastinum.
◉How much blood does the heart pump daily? Answer: 1000 gallons.
◉How many chambers does the heart have? Answer: Four chambers.
◉What is the location of the apical pulse? Answer: 5th intercostal mid-
clavicular line.
◉What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood through the heart?
Answer: Veins → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium →
tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs.
◉What is the pathway of oxygenated blood through the heart? Answer:
Lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid/mitral valve → left
ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → into the body.
,◉What is the unique characteristic of veins and arteries in the heart
compared to the rest of the body? Answer: Veins in the heart carry clean
oxygenated blood, while arteries carry dirty deoxygenated blood.
◉Where is the tricuspid valve located? Answer: Between the right
atrium and right ventricle.
◉What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve? Answer:
Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries.
◉What is the role of the bicuspid/mitral valve? Answer: Located
between the left atrium and left ventricle.
◉What does the opening and closing of the AV valves create? Answer:
The characteristic 'Lubb' sound (S1).
◉What sound is produced by the opening and closing of the aortic and
pulmonary semilunar valves? Answer: The characteristic 'Dubb' sound
(S2).
◉What does S3 heart sound indicate? Answer: Congestive heart failure
(CHF) or regurgitation.
, ◉What does S4 heart sound resemble? Answer: The rhythm of
'Tennessee, Mississippi, horse galloping.'
◉What is a pulse deficit? Answer: When the apical and radial pulse do
not match.
◉What are the three layers of heart tissue? Answer: Endocardium
(lining), myocardium (muscle), epicardium (protective layer).
◉What is the pericardium? Answer: The sac surrounding the heart, with
visceral and parietal layers.
◉What is the function of the septum in the heart? Answer: It separates
the right and left sides of the heart.
◉What is the arterial system characterized by? Answer: High blood
pressure.
◉What is the function of veins in the venous system? Answer: They act
as a reservoir of blood and carry low pressure blood to the heart.
◉What is cardiac output? Answer: The total amount of blood ejected
from one ventricle of the heart in liters per minute.
DISEASE AND DISORDERS EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+ 2026
◉Where is the heart located? Answer: Within the mediastinum.
◉How much blood does the heart pump daily? Answer: 1000 gallons.
◉How many chambers does the heart have? Answer: Four chambers.
◉What is the location of the apical pulse? Answer: 5th intercostal mid-
clavicular line.
◉What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood through the heart?
Answer: Veins → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium →
tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs.
◉What is the pathway of oxygenated blood through the heart? Answer:
Lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid/mitral valve → left
ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → into the body.
,◉What is the unique characteristic of veins and arteries in the heart
compared to the rest of the body? Answer: Veins in the heart carry clean
oxygenated blood, while arteries carry dirty deoxygenated blood.
◉Where is the tricuspid valve located? Answer: Between the right
atrium and right ventricle.
◉What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve? Answer:
Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries.
◉What is the role of the bicuspid/mitral valve? Answer: Located
between the left atrium and left ventricle.
◉What does the opening and closing of the AV valves create? Answer:
The characteristic 'Lubb' sound (S1).
◉What sound is produced by the opening and closing of the aortic and
pulmonary semilunar valves? Answer: The characteristic 'Dubb' sound
(S2).
◉What does S3 heart sound indicate? Answer: Congestive heart failure
(CHF) or regurgitation.
, ◉What does S4 heart sound resemble? Answer: The rhythm of
'Tennessee, Mississippi, horse galloping.'
◉What is a pulse deficit? Answer: When the apical and radial pulse do
not match.
◉What are the three layers of heart tissue? Answer: Endocardium
(lining), myocardium (muscle), epicardium (protective layer).
◉What is the pericardium? Answer: The sac surrounding the heart, with
visceral and parietal layers.
◉What is the function of the septum in the heart? Answer: It separates
the right and left sides of the heart.
◉What is the arterial system characterized by? Answer: High blood
pressure.
◉What is the function of veins in the venous system? Answer: They act
as a reservoir of blood and carry low pressure blood to the heart.
◉What is cardiac output? Answer: The total amount of blood ejected
from one ventricle of the heart in liters per minute.
