NR 507: Advanced
Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Study Guide: GRADED A+.
Questions and Verified
Answers. Latest 2026 Update
Asthma - Ans✔✔-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Ans✔✔-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Ans✔✔--airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
,-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - Ans✔✔-smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - Ans✔✔-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - Ans✔✔-the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - Ans✔✔-embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - Ans✔✔-white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Ans✔✔-
the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Ans✔✔-columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Ans✔✔-smooth
muscle cells
, what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Ans✔✔-control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - Ans✔✔-When air is unable to move out of the alveolar
like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - Ans✔✔-the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Ans✔✔--expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Ans✔✔-tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Ans✔✔-These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Ans✔✔-the parasympathetic system
is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction =
decreased airflow
Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
Study Guide: GRADED A+.
Questions and Verified
Answers. Latest 2026 Update
Asthma - Ans✔✔-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Ans✔✔-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Ans✔✔--airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
,-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - Ans✔✔-smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - Ans✔✔-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - Ans✔✔-the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - Ans✔✔-embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - Ans✔✔-white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Ans✔✔-
the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Ans✔✔-columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Ans✔✔-smooth
muscle cells
, what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Ans✔✔-control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - Ans✔✔-When air is unable to move out of the alveolar
like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - Ans✔✔-the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Ans✔✔--expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Ans✔✔-tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Ans✔✔-These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Ans✔✔-the parasympathetic system
is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction =
decreased airflow
