NR 507 Detailed Study Questions with
Correct Answers
1. Dermatomes - ANSWER area of the skin that is mainly supplied by
branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves
enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the
periphery of the body.
2. Substance release at the synapse - ANSWER Acetylcholine- Excitatory or
inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson
disease
3. Surfactant in ARDS - ANSWER Becomes inactivated, and production by
type 2 alveolar cells is impaired as alveoli and bronchioles fill with fluid and
collapse.
-Atelectasis and decreased lung compliance
4. Cheyne-Stokes respiration - ANSWER alternating periods of slow, irregular
respirations and rapid, shallow respirations, possibly along with periods of
apnea
- High PaCO2 needed to stimulate ventilation, but leads to tachypnea.
When PaCO2 decreases, apnea occurs.
,5. How vaccines are formed -
ANSWER
1) Characterizing the desired protective immune response (Antibody, t-cell)
2) Identify the antigen to induce that response (immune responses against some
agents on an infectious agent are ineffective to increase risk for infection)
3) determine the most effective route (oral, inhaled)
4) Optimize the #/timing of vaccine doses
5) Decide on the most effective form for administration (live, inactivated)
6. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - ANSWER - 97% caused by nondisjunction
during formation of on of the parent's gametes or embryonic development (
mostly on the mother's egg cell)
-Low IQ (25-70), low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, flat low set ears, poor
muscle tone, short stature,
- reduced ability to fight respiratory infections, 1/3 - 1/2 have
congenital heart defects
-3/4 fetuses spontaneously aborted or stillborn, 10-20% die within 10 years,
others live to 60yo.
-Alzheimer's symptoms by 40 yo
7. Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) - ANSWER -Male appearance, usually sterile,
female-like breasts, small testes, high voice, moderate degree of mental
impairment
-High incidence in prison population
-nondisjunction of the X chromosomes in the mother (incidence rises with
maternal age)
8. Neurofibromatosis - ANSWER -Benign nerve sheath tumors
,-Autosomal dominant disorder of the nerve system
- Sx range from harmless cafe-au-lait spots to malignant tumors,
scoliosis, seizures, gliomas, HTN, learning disabilities, and neuromas.
-Type 1 most common: inactivation of NF1 gene
-Type 2: NF2 gene
- Tx: surgery
9. Duchenne Muscular dystrophy - ANSWER - Most common and most
severe X-linked recessive disorder
-Progressive muscle degeneration (unable to walk by 10-12yo)
- Affects heart and resp muscles and death usually before 20yo
- dystrophin is absent
10.Multifactorial traits - ANSWER traits that result from the interaction of one
or more environmental factors and two or more genes
-BP, Height, quantitative traits, , cancers, DM, CAD, Stroke
-Follow a normal or bell-shaped distribution in populations
-Diseases do not have bell-shaped distribution
11.Transcription - ANSWER The process by which RNA is synthesized from a
DNA template. - results in messenger RNA
-RNA polymerase binds to a promoter site on DNA
-transcription factors bind to transcription factor binding sites (regulate timing
of transcription and tissues)
-Each transcribed segment corresponds to one gene that makes up our
chromosomes
, 12.Genetic mutations occur when: - ANSWER 1) an existing error in coding is
transcribed to the new DNA
2) a transcription error occurs that results in an error in coding
3) mutation in the coding occurs after transcription.
13.Chromosomes - ANSWER Somatic cells -46 chromosomes (23 pairs)-
muscles, liver, epithelial, etc-Diploid (2N)
Gamete cells- 23 chromosomes (one from each of the 23 pairs)- Egg or sperm-
Haploid (1N)
14.Translation - ANSWER involves the actual synthesis of protein
15.DNA and genetics - ANSWER Genotype- individual's chromosomes- the
blueprint
Phenotype- the physical end results (eye color, hair color, blood type)
-Human genome= 20,000 genes
-97% of genes are noncoding DNA
-3% codes for synthesis of 60,000-80,000 different proteins, enzymes,
hormones, ion channels, cell membrane receptors
-99.9% of DNA in humans is the same
16.genetic mutations - ANSWER spontaneously or as the result of exposure to
external mutagens such as radiation, chemicals, viruses
-like typos in our DNA
-Base pair substitution- simple typo- may cause problems, may not
-Frame shift mutation- gibberish, complex typo, nothing makes sense- very
complex
Correct Answers
1. Dermatomes - ANSWER area of the skin that is mainly supplied by
branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves
enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the
periphery of the body.
2. Substance release at the synapse - ANSWER Acetylcholine- Excitatory or
inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson
disease
3. Surfactant in ARDS - ANSWER Becomes inactivated, and production by
type 2 alveolar cells is impaired as alveoli and bronchioles fill with fluid and
collapse.
-Atelectasis and decreased lung compliance
4. Cheyne-Stokes respiration - ANSWER alternating periods of slow, irregular
respirations and rapid, shallow respirations, possibly along with periods of
apnea
- High PaCO2 needed to stimulate ventilation, but leads to tachypnea.
When PaCO2 decreases, apnea occurs.
,5. How vaccines are formed -
ANSWER
1) Characterizing the desired protective immune response (Antibody, t-cell)
2) Identify the antigen to induce that response (immune responses against some
agents on an infectious agent are ineffective to increase risk for infection)
3) determine the most effective route (oral, inhaled)
4) Optimize the #/timing of vaccine doses
5) Decide on the most effective form for administration (live, inactivated)
6. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - ANSWER - 97% caused by nondisjunction
during formation of on of the parent's gametes or embryonic development (
mostly on the mother's egg cell)
-Low IQ (25-70), low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, flat low set ears, poor
muscle tone, short stature,
- reduced ability to fight respiratory infections, 1/3 - 1/2 have
congenital heart defects
-3/4 fetuses spontaneously aborted or stillborn, 10-20% die within 10 years,
others live to 60yo.
-Alzheimer's symptoms by 40 yo
7. Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) - ANSWER -Male appearance, usually sterile,
female-like breasts, small testes, high voice, moderate degree of mental
impairment
-High incidence in prison population
-nondisjunction of the X chromosomes in the mother (incidence rises with
maternal age)
8. Neurofibromatosis - ANSWER -Benign nerve sheath tumors
,-Autosomal dominant disorder of the nerve system
- Sx range from harmless cafe-au-lait spots to malignant tumors,
scoliosis, seizures, gliomas, HTN, learning disabilities, and neuromas.
-Type 1 most common: inactivation of NF1 gene
-Type 2: NF2 gene
- Tx: surgery
9. Duchenne Muscular dystrophy - ANSWER - Most common and most
severe X-linked recessive disorder
-Progressive muscle degeneration (unable to walk by 10-12yo)
- Affects heart and resp muscles and death usually before 20yo
- dystrophin is absent
10.Multifactorial traits - ANSWER traits that result from the interaction of one
or more environmental factors and two or more genes
-BP, Height, quantitative traits, , cancers, DM, CAD, Stroke
-Follow a normal or bell-shaped distribution in populations
-Diseases do not have bell-shaped distribution
11.Transcription - ANSWER The process by which RNA is synthesized from a
DNA template. - results in messenger RNA
-RNA polymerase binds to a promoter site on DNA
-transcription factors bind to transcription factor binding sites (regulate timing
of transcription and tissues)
-Each transcribed segment corresponds to one gene that makes up our
chromosomes
, 12.Genetic mutations occur when: - ANSWER 1) an existing error in coding is
transcribed to the new DNA
2) a transcription error occurs that results in an error in coding
3) mutation in the coding occurs after transcription.
13.Chromosomes - ANSWER Somatic cells -46 chromosomes (23 pairs)-
muscles, liver, epithelial, etc-Diploid (2N)
Gamete cells- 23 chromosomes (one from each of the 23 pairs)- Egg or sperm-
Haploid (1N)
14.Translation - ANSWER involves the actual synthesis of protein
15.DNA and genetics - ANSWER Genotype- individual's chromosomes- the
blueprint
Phenotype- the physical end results (eye color, hair color, blood type)
-Human genome= 20,000 genes
-97% of genes are noncoding DNA
-3% codes for synthesis of 60,000-80,000 different proteins, enzymes,
hormones, ion channels, cell membrane receptors
-99.9% of DNA in humans is the same
16.genetic mutations - ANSWER spontaneously or as the result of exposure to
external mutagens such as radiation, chemicals, viruses
-like typos in our DNA
-Base pair substitution- simple typo- may cause problems, may not
-Frame shift mutation- gibberish, complex typo, nothing makes sense- very
complex
