D115 MASTER SET-ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE
ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE| QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS| LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2026
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females? -
CORRECT ANSWER Sex-Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and
one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known
cause? -CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of intellectual
disability and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies? -CORRECT
ANSWER Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, and
preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic
studies and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that
provides genetic information found in utero and is usually performed between
weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of genetic testing
that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second
trimester, between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the
embryo prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one
chromosome with a normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a
missing gene? -CORRECT ANSWER Cri du chat syndrome (translated as "cry
of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often heard
from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a
microcephalic, low birth-weight baby with a piercing cry.
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations? -CORRECT
ANSWER The disease can be transmitted through female carriers.
,Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide
an unaffected X to a daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show
signs of the disease because she has the other X (the only X the father can give
to a female) to cancel it out.
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire
population to the disease rate in an unexposed population? -CORRECT
ANSWER Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual occurrence of
disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? -
CORRECT ANSWER Many factors from lifestyle to genetics affect
multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case individually
provides the most thorough and accurate assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair. -CORRECT ANSWER The
imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation
and wound healing? -CORRECT ANSWER The underlying chronic illness
exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's
reserves to fight against illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? -
CORRECT ANSWER Eosinophils are the body's primary defense against
parasites.
What Phagocytes bacteria? -CORRECT ANSWER Macrophages work by
eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
,What is the first response to a foreign pathogen? -CORRECT ANSWER
Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity
when considering the antigen? -CORRECT ANSWER Immunogenicity is
primarily based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered,
causing an ABO incompatibility? -CORRECT ANSWER The complement
pathway is activated in response to blood incompatibility.
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis? -CORRECT
ANSWER An immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic
dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections? -CORRECT
ANSWER Infection with a fungus is called mycosis and includes
dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including
ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect
infection? -CORRECT ANSWER Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10
days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may take 23 to 90
days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false
negative test due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high
likelihood of exposure is suspected.
What is a characteristic of exotoxins? -CORRECT ANSWER Exotoxins are
released during bacterial growth.
, Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for
developing colon cancer? -CORRECT ANSWER The results of decreased fat
consumption have been widely studied and have demonstrated a decreased risk
of developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years
most likely to develop? -CORRECT ANSWER Asbestos exposure results in
an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength. -CORRECT
ANSWER UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs that are side
by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead
to cell death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing? -
CORRECT ANSWER Exercise-induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon
cancer cells.
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure
control and has been shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false -CORRECT ANSWER TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health
outcomes may result.
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to
incorporate research and evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood
through university-level education in a manner consistent with an individual's
literacy level.
True or false -CORRECT ANSWER True
ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE| QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS| LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2026
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females? -
CORRECT ANSWER Sex-Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and
one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be expressed.
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known
cause? -CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of intellectual
disability and fetal miscarriage.
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies? -CORRECT
ANSWER Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, and
preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic
studies and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that
provides genetic information found in utero and is usually performed between
weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of genetic testing
that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second
trimester, between weeks 15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the
embryo prior to implantation.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one
chromosome with a normal complement of genes and one chromosome with a
missing gene? -CORRECT ANSWER Cri du chat syndrome (translated as "cry
of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often heard
from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a
microcephalic, low birth-weight baby with a piercing cry.
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations? -CORRECT
ANSWER The disease can be transmitted through female carriers.
,Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide
an unaffected X to a daughter or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show
signs of the disease because she has the other X (the only X the father can give
to a female) to cancel it out.
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire
population to the disease rate in an unexposed population? -CORRECT
ANSWER Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual occurrence of
disease.
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? -
CORRECT ANSWER Many factors from lifestyle to genetics affect
multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case individually
provides the most thorough and accurate assessment.
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair. -CORRECT ANSWER The
imprinted gene is the silent gene of a gene pair.
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation
and wound healing? -CORRECT ANSWER The underlying chronic illness
exists.
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's
reserves to fight against illness.
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? -
CORRECT ANSWER Eosinophils are the body's primary defense against
parasites.
What Phagocytes bacteria? -CORRECT ANSWER Macrophages work by
eating or phagocytosing bacteria.
,What is the first response to a foreign pathogen? -CORRECT ANSWER
Helper T cells
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity
when considering the antigen? -CORRECT ANSWER Immunogenicity is
primarily based on the ability to recognize something foreign.
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered,
causing an ABO incompatibility? -CORRECT ANSWER The complement
pathway is activated in response to blood incompatibility.
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis? -CORRECT
ANSWER An immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic
dermatitis.
Which four infections are considered fungal infections? -CORRECT
ANSWER Infection with a fungus is called mycosis and includes
dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including
ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect
infection? -CORRECT ANSWER Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10
days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may take 23 to 90
days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false
negative test due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high
likelihood of exposure is suspected.
What is a characteristic of exotoxins? -CORRECT ANSWER Exotoxins are
released during bacterial growth.
, Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for
developing colon cancer? -CORRECT ANSWER The results of decreased fat
consumption have been widely studied and have demonstrated a decreased risk
of developing colon cancer.
Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years
most likely to develop? -CORRECT ANSWER Asbestos exposure results in
an increased risk of lung and lung lining cancer.
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength. -CORRECT
ANSWER UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base pairs that are side
by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead
to cell death or cancer.
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing? -
CORRECT ANSWER Exercise-induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon
cancer cells.
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure
control and has been shown to have adverse effects on health outcomes.
true or false -CORRECT ANSWER TRUE
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health
outcomes may result.
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to
incorporate research and evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood
through university-level education in a manner consistent with an individual's
literacy level.
True or false -CORRECT ANSWER True
