PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS A+ GRADED 2026
what is homeostasis - answer- regulation of the internal environment around a physiological
set point
Required by cells and maintained through their specialized functions
How is endocrine system different from other phgy systems - answer- has glands dispersed
throughout the body
What are the glands of the endocrine system like - answer- dispersed throughout the body
not connected structurally
form a coordinate system
all secrete hormones
what are the main 4 endocrine glands - answer- pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenal gland
also hypothalamus
How does the endocrine system work - answer- uses hormones to make homeostatic changes
what are 6 functions of the endocrine system - answer- maintain constant internal
environment via regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte balance
,adaptive stress response
growth and development
reproduction
RBC production
integrat w the ANS in regulating circ and digestive functions
what are hormones - answer- chem substances secreted into the blood at low quantity
exert phgy force at a distant target
what are the two main categories of hormones - answer- hydrophilic
lipophilic
what are hydrophilic hormones like - answer- highly water sol
low lipid sl
unbound to carrier molec in the plasma
what are types of hydrophilic hormones - answer- peptides
pro
amines
what are peptides like - answer- hydrophilic hors
short chains of AAs
dissolved in plasma
how are peptides syn - answer- pre hor are syn in ER ribos
pre hor travel thru ER and golgi and processed into act hor and packed into secretory vesicles
these packed hor can be stored until cell recieves appropriate signal
,when the signal comes exocytosis of the vesicle and the hor is released into the blood
what are pros - answer- longer chains of AAs
what are amines - answer- single AA residues
what are the types of amines - answer- catecholamines
thyroid
what are catecholamines - answer- norepinephrine and epinephrine
CAN BE FREE OR BOUND TO CARRIER MOLECULES
What hydrophilic hormone is different than most - answer- catecholamines
cause can be free or bound to carrier molecules
what amine hors are not hydrophilic - answer- thyroid
what are lipophilic hor - answer- lipid loving
hi sol in lipid
low sol in water
req carrier molecule for transport thru out body
what are the types of lipophilic hor - answer- amine thyroid
steroid
how are steroid hor syn - answer- ex. cholesterol
prod by tissue (depends on the specific enzymes in the cell of the tissue)
, because so lipophilic not stored but released when syn
how do u regulate lipophilic hors - answer- regulate the synthesis
how do hydrophilic and lipophilic hor differ - answer- hydrophilic = stored until signal
activates their release
lipophilic = not stored
hydrophilic = not bound to carrier molec in plasma
lipophilic = bound to carrier molec in plasma
what hor are dissolved in plasma - answer- peptide
what hor are bound to carrier molec - answer- lipophilic
steroid and thyroid
what hor can be bound or free in plasma - answer- catecholamins
what do hor need to be to interact w their target cells - answer- FREE
what does it mean for a hor to be freee - answer- unbound hormone
so can interact w a rs at its target
not an issue for hydrophilic hormones and catecholamines
issue for lipophilic hormones
how is the fact the lipophilic hormones need a carrier molecules a problem - answer- need to
be unbound to interact w target
WITH ANSWERS A+ GRADED 2026
what is homeostasis - answer- regulation of the internal environment around a physiological
set point
Required by cells and maintained through their specialized functions
How is endocrine system different from other phgy systems - answer- has glands dispersed
throughout the body
What are the glands of the endocrine system like - answer- dispersed throughout the body
not connected structurally
form a coordinate system
all secrete hormones
what are the main 4 endocrine glands - answer- pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenal gland
also hypothalamus
How does the endocrine system work - answer- uses hormones to make homeostatic changes
what are 6 functions of the endocrine system - answer- maintain constant internal
environment via regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte balance
,adaptive stress response
growth and development
reproduction
RBC production
integrat w the ANS in regulating circ and digestive functions
what are hormones - answer- chem substances secreted into the blood at low quantity
exert phgy force at a distant target
what are the two main categories of hormones - answer- hydrophilic
lipophilic
what are hydrophilic hormones like - answer- highly water sol
low lipid sl
unbound to carrier molec in the plasma
what are types of hydrophilic hormones - answer- peptides
pro
amines
what are peptides like - answer- hydrophilic hors
short chains of AAs
dissolved in plasma
how are peptides syn - answer- pre hor are syn in ER ribos
pre hor travel thru ER and golgi and processed into act hor and packed into secretory vesicles
these packed hor can be stored until cell recieves appropriate signal
,when the signal comes exocytosis of the vesicle and the hor is released into the blood
what are pros - answer- longer chains of AAs
what are amines - answer- single AA residues
what are the types of amines - answer- catecholamines
thyroid
what are catecholamines - answer- norepinephrine and epinephrine
CAN BE FREE OR BOUND TO CARRIER MOLECULES
What hydrophilic hormone is different than most - answer- catecholamines
cause can be free or bound to carrier molecules
what amine hors are not hydrophilic - answer- thyroid
what are lipophilic hor - answer- lipid loving
hi sol in lipid
low sol in water
req carrier molecule for transport thru out body
what are the types of lipophilic hor - answer- amine thyroid
steroid
how are steroid hor syn - answer- ex. cholesterol
prod by tissue (depends on the specific enzymes in the cell of the tissue)
, because so lipophilic not stored but released when syn
how do u regulate lipophilic hors - answer- regulate the synthesis
how do hydrophilic and lipophilic hor differ - answer- hydrophilic = stored until signal
activates their release
lipophilic = not stored
hydrophilic = not bound to carrier molec in plasma
lipophilic = bound to carrier molec in plasma
what hor are dissolved in plasma - answer- peptide
what hor are bound to carrier molec - answer- lipophilic
steroid and thyroid
what hor can be bound or free in plasma - answer- catecholamins
what do hor need to be to interact w their target cells - answer- FREE
what does it mean for a hor to be freee - answer- unbound hormone
so can interact w a rs at its target
not an issue for hydrophilic hormones and catecholamines
issue for lipophilic hormones
how is the fact the lipophilic hormones need a carrier molecules a problem - answer- need to
be unbound to interact w target
