BIOLOGY 102 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
ANSWERS 2026
Sexual reproduction is a superior method of reproduction for all animals. Is this
statement correct, if not, why? - ANSWERSno, axesual reproduction has advantages in
stable environments and healthy parents produce offspring
Though amphibians were the first terrestrial vertebrates, they are still bound to water for
reproduction. Why? - ANSWERSThey are considered as amniods and require water for
reproduction because their eggs do not have shells
Why are reptiles not bound to water for reproduction? - ANSWERSamniotic, they have
shelled amniotic egg and internal fertilization
The shelled amniotic egg consists of the amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac. Which
of those structures is responsible for storing waste produced by the developing embryo?
- ANSWERSAllentois
The shelled amniotic egg consists of the amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac. Which
of those structures is responsible for providing nutrients to the developing embryo? -
ANSWERSyolk sac
The diagnostic characteristics of the mammals are that they give birth to live young,
produce milk via mammary glands, and have hair. Many mammals have some form of a
placenta. The exception to this "rule" is the monotremes; they are a group of mammals
that do not produce milk. Is this statement correct, if not, why? - ANSWERSproduce
milk but no live young
What are the component of mammalian milk? - ANSWERSantibodies, water, proteins,
carbohydrates, fats
The paired testes are the male reproductive organ (gonads) that produce sperm. Each
testis contains over eight hundred tightly coiled seminiferous tubules which produce
thousands of sperm each second in healthy young men. The walls of the seminiferous
tubules are lined with certain cells, what are they and what do they do? - ANSWERS1.
spermatogenic cells: give rise to sperm with presence of FSH and testosterone
2. sustentacula cells: nourish sperm
A system of tubes carries the sperm that the testes produce to the penis. The
seminiferous tubules merge into a network of tiny tubules called the rete testis, which
, merge into a coiled tube called the epididymis. The epididymis has three main functions.
What are they? - ANSWERS1. stores sperm
2. connection between vas 3. deferent and testes
transportation
The ductus (vas) deferens is the dilated continuation of the epididymis. Its main role is
that it serves as an ejaculatory duct (after it passes the ampulla). Is this statement
correct, if not, why? - ANSWERSTrue
When has the fetus developed sufficiently (with respect to circulatory and respiratory
systems) such that it can potentially survive if born prematurely? - ANSWERSthird
trimester
Where is the placenta located in placental mammals? - ANSWERSuterus
In humans, where does fertilization occur? - ANSWERSupper 1/3 fallopian tubes
In humans, where does implantation occur? - ANSWERSendometrium
In humans, where does fetal development occur? - ANSWERSuterus
During parturition (birth, which is somewhere around 266 days after fertilization), the
mom's uterine muscles begin to contract, and the cervix begins to dilate or open. This
process is regulated by the neuroendocrine system and its various hormones. What is
one of the first events that causes the uterine contractions? - ANSWERSbaby pituitary
gland secretes ACTH and then leads to prostaglandins triggered contractions
After the ductus deferens passes around the urinary bladder, several accessory glands
add their secretions to the sperm as they are propelled through the ducts. These
accessory glands are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and bulbourethral
glands. What do the paired seminal vesicles secrete? - ANSWERSwater, fructose,
vitamin C, prostaglandin
Seminal vesicle secretions provide an energy source for the motile sperm and help to
neutralize the natural protective acidity of the vagina. Vaginal pH is naturally 3-4, so
sperm motility and fertility are enhanced because the vaginal pH increases to about 6.
Is this statement correct, if not, why? - ANSWERScorrect
The prostate glands' function is to secrete water, enzymes, cholesterol, buffering salts
and phospholipids. These secretions also help neutralize the acidity of the vagina and
prolong the lifespan of the sperm. Is this statement correct, if not, why? -
ANSWERScorrect
The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear, alkaline fluid that lubricates the urethra prior to
sexual intercourse, which helps to keep the sperm alive while in the urethra, prior to
ejaculation. The fluid that results from the combination of sperm and the various
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
ANSWERS 2026
Sexual reproduction is a superior method of reproduction for all animals. Is this
statement correct, if not, why? - ANSWERSno, axesual reproduction has advantages in
stable environments and healthy parents produce offspring
Though amphibians were the first terrestrial vertebrates, they are still bound to water for
reproduction. Why? - ANSWERSThey are considered as amniods and require water for
reproduction because their eggs do not have shells
Why are reptiles not bound to water for reproduction? - ANSWERSamniotic, they have
shelled amniotic egg and internal fertilization
The shelled amniotic egg consists of the amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac. Which
of those structures is responsible for storing waste produced by the developing embryo?
- ANSWERSAllentois
The shelled amniotic egg consists of the amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac. Which
of those structures is responsible for providing nutrients to the developing embryo? -
ANSWERSyolk sac
The diagnostic characteristics of the mammals are that they give birth to live young,
produce milk via mammary glands, and have hair. Many mammals have some form of a
placenta. The exception to this "rule" is the monotremes; they are a group of mammals
that do not produce milk. Is this statement correct, if not, why? - ANSWERSproduce
milk but no live young
What are the component of mammalian milk? - ANSWERSantibodies, water, proteins,
carbohydrates, fats
The paired testes are the male reproductive organ (gonads) that produce sperm. Each
testis contains over eight hundred tightly coiled seminiferous tubules which produce
thousands of sperm each second in healthy young men. The walls of the seminiferous
tubules are lined with certain cells, what are they and what do they do? - ANSWERS1.
spermatogenic cells: give rise to sperm with presence of FSH and testosterone
2. sustentacula cells: nourish sperm
A system of tubes carries the sperm that the testes produce to the penis. The
seminiferous tubules merge into a network of tiny tubules called the rete testis, which
, merge into a coiled tube called the epididymis. The epididymis has three main functions.
What are they? - ANSWERS1. stores sperm
2. connection between vas 3. deferent and testes
transportation
The ductus (vas) deferens is the dilated continuation of the epididymis. Its main role is
that it serves as an ejaculatory duct (after it passes the ampulla). Is this statement
correct, if not, why? - ANSWERSTrue
When has the fetus developed sufficiently (with respect to circulatory and respiratory
systems) such that it can potentially survive if born prematurely? - ANSWERSthird
trimester
Where is the placenta located in placental mammals? - ANSWERSuterus
In humans, where does fertilization occur? - ANSWERSupper 1/3 fallopian tubes
In humans, where does implantation occur? - ANSWERSendometrium
In humans, where does fetal development occur? - ANSWERSuterus
During parturition (birth, which is somewhere around 266 days after fertilization), the
mom's uterine muscles begin to contract, and the cervix begins to dilate or open. This
process is regulated by the neuroendocrine system and its various hormones. What is
one of the first events that causes the uterine contractions? - ANSWERSbaby pituitary
gland secretes ACTH and then leads to prostaglandins triggered contractions
After the ductus deferens passes around the urinary bladder, several accessory glands
add their secretions to the sperm as they are propelled through the ducts. These
accessory glands are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and bulbourethral
glands. What do the paired seminal vesicles secrete? - ANSWERSwater, fructose,
vitamin C, prostaglandin
Seminal vesicle secretions provide an energy source for the motile sperm and help to
neutralize the natural protective acidity of the vagina. Vaginal pH is naturally 3-4, so
sperm motility and fertility are enhanced because the vaginal pH increases to about 6.
Is this statement correct, if not, why? - ANSWERScorrect
The prostate glands' function is to secrete water, enzymes, cholesterol, buffering salts
and phospholipids. These secretions also help neutralize the acidity of the vagina and
prolong the lifespan of the sperm. Is this statement correct, if not, why? -
ANSWERScorrect
The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear, alkaline fluid that lubricates the urethra prior to
sexual intercourse, which helps to keep the sperm alive while in the urethra, prior to
ejaculation. The fluid that results from the combination of sperm and the various
