BIOD 102 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Silent Substitution – ANSWERS Occur because of the redundancy of the genetic code
Point Mutation – ANSWERS Occur when a single nucleotide is changed within a gene
Frameshift Mutation – ANSWERS Can have three different outcomes arising from the
alteration of the triplet-codon reading frame.
Insertion Mutation – ANSWERSO ccurs from the gain of nucleotides within a gene
Endocrine Signaling - ANSWERSLong-term signaling that regulates blood pressure,
blood volume and energy metabolism.
Autocrine Signaling - ANSWERSLocal signaling where the ligand is not transported
trough the blood but instead diffuses across a short distance.
Synaptic Signaling - ANSWERSLocal signaling where the ligand diffuses across a
synapse
Pheromone Signaling - ANSWERSLigands are released into the external environment
to mark territory or attract mates.
Falling Phase - ANSWERSK+ ions flow out of the cell, making the cell more negative
Depolarization - ANSWERSNa+ ions flow out of the cell,
Rising Phase - ANSWERSPositive feedback causes opening of more Na+ channels
What is homeostasis - ANSWERSThe tendency to maintain an equilibrium or set point,
among interdependent physiological processes despite environmental changes.
Absorption - ANSWERSThe process of a drug moving from its site of administration to
the target area, crossing one or more body membranes
Active Surveillance - ANSWERSHealth officers or other public health officials execute
procedures to gather pertinent health data. Advantage - greater level of accuracy.
Disadvantage - more man power, more expensive.
,Passive Surveillance - ANSWERSTechniques in which data reporting is mandated or
requested. Existing data is identified , counted and reported. Advantage - easy and
inexpensive. Disadvantage - providers may not submit detailed reports.
Which sequence immediately stops transcription - ANSWERSPolyadenylation
Sequence
Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by increasing electrical
excitability of ____ cells, allowing action potentials to be propagated more quickly. -
ANSWERSDecrease, post-synaptic
What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse? -
ANSWERSInactivating enzymes and reuptake via neurotransmitter transport channels.
Chemoreceptors - ANSWERSRestore homeostasis through negative feedback, but they
do not communicate with the hypothalamus as they are reflexive.
Post-Marketing Phase - ANSWERSPhase of drug development process covers
expansive groups of people with diverse medical backgrounds as adverse effects may
not appear until larger numbers of people begin taking a drug.
Preclinical Phase - ANSWERSExhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years long. Cells are
grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to look for potential harms. Animal
testing would occur now.
Clinical Investigation Phase - ANSWERS2-10 years long. Pharmacologists gather data ,
important in identifying adverse SE and possibility that developing drug may worsen
other conditions. Clinical trials occur during this phase.
New Drug Approval Phase - ANSWERSFormal review process conducted by a
specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years. Clinical data is examined. If the drug
has reasonable benefit it can continue to post marketing studies.
Epidemiological Triad - ANSWERSFocuses on interactions among host, agent, and
environment.
Initiation stage of translation - ANSWERSInvolves binding of the small ribosomal skin it
with mature mRNA
Termination Phase of Translation - ANSWERSBroken down into 3 steps - binding of a
releasing factor, liberation of the completed polypeptide chain, and disassembly of the
translation initiation complex.
Elongation Phase of Translation - ANSWERSMoves 5' to 3'
, Endocrine Glands - ANSWERSDuctless structures that secrete hormones directly into
the surrounding extracellular fluid or bloodstream
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control? - ANSWERSSkeletal
Response - ANSWERSThe physiological adjustment that a system makes to return a
Callie to its set point range.
Sensor - ANSWERSThe anatomical or physiological machinery thta detects the
stimulus.
Stimulus - ANSWERSA fluctuation above or below normal set point ranges
Set point - ANSWERSA range of acceptable values that is determined by genetics
Schedule I Drug - ANSWERSHighest abuse potential. Heroin, marijuana.
Schedule II Drug - ANSWERSHigh abuse potential. Methamphetamine, morphine.
Schedule III Drug - ANSWERSModerate abuse potential. Anabolic steroids,
hydrocodone.
Schedule IV Drug - ANSWERSLow abuse potential. Valium, Xanax.
Schedule V Drug - ANSWERSLowest abuse potential. OTC.
What is the goal of public health? - ANSWERSIdentify risk factors and intervene to
reduce morbidity and mortality within a population.
Regulation of pH in the small intestine is run by what type of feedback mechanism? -
ANSWERSNegative Feedback
Cardiac Output - ANSWERSHR x SV
Describe heat- generating mechanism used by the body when a drop in body
temperature is detected. - ANSWERSWhen core temperature drops, skeletal muscles
are stimulated to move to produce the friction and heat through shivering. Shivering is a
mechanism that produces and conserves heat.
Category A - ANSWERSHuman studies have not shown a risk to mother or fetus
CAtegory B - ANSWERSAnimal studies have not shown a risk or if they have shown a
risk to animals, himan studies have not validated risk.
Category C - ANSWERSAnimal studies have shown risk but there is little or no known
data for human studies
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Silent Substitution – ANSWERS Occur because of the redundancy of the genetic code
Point Mutation – ANSWERS Occur when a single nucleotide is changed within a gene
Frameshift Mutation – ANSWERS Can have three different outcomes arising from the
alteration of the triplet-codon reading frame.
Insertion Mutation – ANSWERSO ccurs from the gain of nucleotides within a gene
Endocrine Signaling - ANSWERSLong-term signaling that regulates blood pressure,
blood volume and energy metabolism.
Autocrine Signaling - ANSWERSLocal signaling where the ligand is not transported
trough the blood but instead diffuses across a short distance.
Synaptic Signaling - ANSWERSLocal signaling where the ligand diffuses across a
synapse
Pheromone Signaling - ANSWERSLigands are released into the external environment
to mark territory or attract mates.
Falling Phase - ANSWERSK+ ions flow out of the cell, making the cell more negative
Depolarization - ANSWERSNa+ ions flow out of the cell,
Rising Phase - ANSWERSPositive feedback causes opening of more Na+ channels
What is homeostasis - ANSWERSThe tendency to maintain an equilibrium or set point,
among interdependent physiological processes despite environmental changes.
Absorption - ANSWERSThe process of a drug moving from its site of administration to
the target area, crossing one or more body membranes
Active Surveillance - ANSWERSHealth officers or other public health officials execute
procedures to gather pertinent health data. Advantage - greater level of accuracy.
Disadvantage - more man power, more expensive.
,Passive Surveillance - ANSWERSTechniques in which data reporting is mandated or
requested. Existing data is identified , counted and reported. Advantage - easy and
inexpensive. Disadvantage - providers may not submit detailed reports.
Which sequence immediately stops transcription - ANSWERSPolyadenylation
Sequence
Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by increasing electrical
excitability of ____ cells, allowing action potentials to be propagated more quickly. -
ANSWERSDecrease, post-synaptic
What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse? -
ANSWERSInactivating enzymes and reuptake via neurotransmitter transport channels.
Chemoreceptors - ANSWERSRestore homeostasis through negative feedback, but they
do not communicate with the hypothalamus as they are reflexive.
Post-Marketing Phase - ANSWERSPhase of drug development process covers
expansive groups of people with diverse medical backgrounds as adverse effects may
not appear until larger numbers of people begin taking a drug.
Preclinical Phase - ANSWERSExhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years long. Cells are
grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to look for potential harms. Animal
testing would occur now.
Clinical Investigation Phase - ANSWERS2-10 years long. Pharmacologists gather data ,
important in identifying adverse SE and possibility that developing drug may worsen
other conditions. Clinical trials occur during this phase.
New Drug Approval Phase - ANSWERSFormal review process conducted by a
specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years. Clinical data is examined. If the drug
has reasonable benefit it can continue to post marketing studies.
Epidemiological Triad - ANSWERSFocuses on interactions among host, agent, and
environment.
Initiation stage of translation - ANSWERSInvolves binding of the small ribosomal skin it
with mature mRNA
Termination Phase of Translation - ANSWERSBroken down into 3 steps - binding of a
releasing factor, liberation of the completed polypeptide chain, and disassembly of the
translation initiation complex.
Elongation Phase of Translation - ANSWERSMoves 5' to 3'
, Endocrine Glands - ANSWERSDuctless structures that secrete hormones directly into
the surrounding extracellular fluid or bloodstream
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control? - ANSWERSSkeletal
Response - ANSWERSThe physiological adjustment that a system makes to return a
Callie to its set point range.
Sensor - ANSWERSThe anatomical or physiological machinery thta detects the
stimulus.
Stimulus - ANSWERSA fluctuation above or below normal set point ranges
Set point - ANSWERSA range of acceptable values that is determined by genetics
Schedule I Drug - ANSWERSHighest abuse potential. Heroin, marijuana.
Schedule II Drug - ANSWERSHigh abuse potential. Methamphetamine, morphine.
Schedule III Drug - ANSWERSModerate abuse potential. Anabolic steroids,
hydrocodone.
Schedule IV Drug - ANSWERSLow abuse potential. Valium, Xanax.
Schedule V Drug - ANSWERSLowest abuse potential. OTC.
What is the goal of public health? - ANSWERSIdentify risk factors and intervene to
reduce morbidity and mortality within a population.
Regulation of pH in the small intestine is run by what type of feedback mechanism? -
ANSWERSNegative Feedback
Cardiac Output - ANSWERSHR x SV
Describe heat- generating mechanism used by the body when a drop in body
temperature is detected. - ANSWERSWhen core temperature drops, skeletal muscles
are stimulated to move to produce the friction and heat through shivering. Shivering is a
mechanism that produces and conserves heat.
Category A - ANSWERSHuman studies have not shown a risk to mother or fetus
CAtegory B - ANSWERSAnimal studies have not shown a risk or if they have shown a
risk to animals, himan studies have not validated risk.
Category C - ANSWERSAnimal studies have shown risk but there is little or no known
data for human studies
