BIOS 255 UNIT 4 MIDTERM EXAM FINAL PREPARATION MANUAL 2026

BIOS 255 UNIT 4 MIDTERM EXAM FINAL
PREPARATION MANUAL 2026

◉ Structure of a long bone. Answer: Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses
(ends), cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, marrow


◉ Compact bone. Answer: Dense bone tissue that forms the outer
layer of bones


◉ Spongy bone. Answer: Porous bone tissue found inside bones


◉ Hyaline cartilage (location). Answer: Ends of long bones, nose,
trachea, larynx


◉ Diaphysis. Answer: Shaft of a long bone


◉ Epiphysis. Answer: End of a long bone


◉ Epiphyseal plate. Answer: Growth plate where bone lengthens


◉ Periosteum. Answer: Tough outer connective tissue covering bone

, ◉ Endosteum. Answer: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity


◉ Mature bone cells. Answer: Osteocytes


◉ Intramembranous ossification. Answer: Bone forms directly from
connective tissue (flat bones)


◉ Endochondral ossification. Answer: Bone forms from cartilage
model (long bones)


◉ Flat bones. Answer: Thin, flat bones (skull, sternum)


◉ Short bones. Answer: Cube-shaped bones (carpals, tarsals)


◉ Irregular bones. Answer: Complex shapes (vertebrae)


◉ Long bones. Answer: Longer than wide (femur, humerus)


◉ Synarthrotic joints. Answer: Immovable (skull sutures)


◉ Amphiarthrotic joints. Answer: Slightly movable (pubic
symphysis)