NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 100% VERIFIED.
What are the five components of pathophysiology? ANS >> aetiology
epidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
Aetiology ANS >> Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
,NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Epidemiology ANS >> Patterns in populations of people and their
characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
Incidence ANS >> New
Prevalence ANS >> Existing and new; total
Pathogenesis ANS >> Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and
manifestations
Clinical manifestations ANS >> Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
Outcomes ANS >> Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
Primary prevention ANS >> Preventing initial occurrence
Secondary prevention ANS >> Detection and screening
,NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Tertiary prevention ANS >> Treating or reducing
relapse/disability/chronicity
What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? ANS >>
1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
What is ATP depletion? ANS >> Inability of cell to produce adequate
ATP to fuel normal activities
-most common: hypoxia
How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? ANS >> Hypoxia
leads to the inability to perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)
and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation?
ANS >> ATP depletion leads to the failure of the Nako pump, causing
the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the production of lactate
How does Nako pump failure impact the cell? ANS >> Na normally
outside and K normally inside
, NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
What does a drop in pH do to the cell? ANS >> Pyknosis, karyorrhexis,
and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
Pyknosis ANS >> Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in
pH
Karyorrhexis ANS >> Fragmentation of nuclear material
Karyolysis ANS >> Dissolution of nuclear material
What are free radicals? ANS >> Unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron and high affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of cellular
metabolism
NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 100% VERIFIED.
What are the five components of pathophysiology? ANS >> aetiology
epidemiology
pathogenesis
clinical manifestations
outcomes
Aetiology ANS >> Causative factor
-simple
-complex
-idiopathic
-iatrogenic
,NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Epidemiology ANS >> Patterns in populations of people and their
characteristics
-incidence
-prevalence
Incidence ANS >> New
Prevalence ANS >> Existing and new; total
Pathogenesis ANS >> Sequence of events from stimulus of disease and
manifestations
Clinical manifestations ANS >> Signs (assessment, definitive)
Symptoms (experienced by pt, subjective)
Outcomes ANS >> Cure, remission, chronicity, or death
-not specifically treatment
Primary prevention ANS >> Preventing initial occurrence
Secondary prevention ANS >> Detection and screening
,NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Tertiary prevention ANS >> Treating or reducing
relapse/disability/chronicity
What are the 4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death? ANS >>
1. ATP depletion
2. O2 and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of steady state
4. Membrane permeability defect
What is ATP depletion? ANS >> Inability of cell to produce adequate
ATP to fuel normal activities
-most common: hypoxia
How does hypoxia affect cellular energy production? ANS >> Hypoxia
leads to the inability to perform oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)
and glycolysis (anaerobic) kicks in
What are the consequences of ATP depletion in terms of ion regulation?
ANS >> ATP depletion leads to the failure of the Nako pump, causing
the leakage of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell, and the production of lactate
How does Nako pump failure impact the cell? ANS >> Na normally
outside and K normally inside
, NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Na+ leaks in and pump can't maintain balance
Water follows, cell and contents swells
What does a drop in pH do to the cell? ANS >> Pyknosis, karyorrhexis,
and karyolysis
Disruption of cell membrane allowing calcium influx
Pyknosis ANS >> Clumping of nuclear material as a result of a drop in
pH
Karyorrhexis ANS >> Fragmentation of nuclear material
Karyolysis ANS >> Dissolution of nuclear material
What are free radicals? ANS >> Unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron and high affinity for lipids, normal byproduct of cellular
metabolism
