Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology,
Pathophysiology Finals questions and
answers 2026\2027 A+ Grade
physiologic jaundice
- correct answer A 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level and
icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes
- correct answer Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
,D) oxyhydrosomes
- correct answer Ans: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
- correct answer The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
- correct answer Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
- correct answer Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
,D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
- correct answer Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
- correct answer Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
- correct answer Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
- correct answer Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications
- correct answer What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a
pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
, b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
- correct answer Transcription is best defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
nondisjunction error
- correct answer What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
klinefelter
- correct answer A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
autosomal recessive
- correct answer Cystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
Pathophysiology Finals questions and
answers 2026\2027 A+ Grade
physiologic jaundice
- correct answer A 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level and
icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes
- correct answer Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
,D) oxyhydrosomes
- correct answer Ans: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
- correct answer The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
- correct answer Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
- correct answer Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
,D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
- correct answer Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
- correct answer Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
- correct answer Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
- correct answer Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications
- correct answer What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a
pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
, b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
- correct answer Transcription is best defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
nondisjunction error
- correct answer What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
klinefelter
- correct answer A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
autosomal recessive
- correct answer Cystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
