Wilfrid Laurier University OL 109| Final exam Qbank| Complete Q&A Latest Updated 100%.

Wilfrid Laurier University OL 109| Final exam Qbank| Complete Q&A Latest Updated 100%. Question 1 Which of the following means the same thing as 'Communication is irreversible'? Erasing or replacing spoken words or acts is not possible. No amount of explanation can erase the impression you have created. It's impossible to 'unreceive' a message. Words said are irretrievable. All mean the same as the statement Question 2 0 / 1 point The idea that it is often necessary to negotiate a shared meaning in order for satisfying communication to occur relates to which characteristic of the communication model? Which of the following elements is not included in the Transactional Communication Model? Channel Control Environment Noise All of the above are included in the Transactional Communication model Question 4 1 / 1 point Sarah and Jim are driving to a friend's house. She is about to suggest a different route when she stops herself because she knows Jim hates it when she 'takes over' while he's driving. This is an example of which communication concept? self-monitoring cognitive complexity communication is unrepeatable content messages none of the above Question 5 1 / 1 point sending and receiving are usually simultaneous meanings exist in and among people environment and noise affect communication channels make a difference none of the above Question 3 1 / 1 pointThe transactional perspective of communication acknowledges that when we talk to others, we are constantly reacting to what our partner is saying. we talk to others and then when they talk to us, we listen. we talk to others and they listen; they talk to us, and we listen. when the message gets to the receiver, communication ends. Question 6 1 / 1 point "It wasn't what you said, it was how you said it," demonstrates what principle of interpersonal communication? Interpersonal communication connects us to others. Interpersonal communication involves both content and relationship dimensions. Interpersonal communication is complicated. Interpersonal communication is governed by rules. Question 7 2.5 / 3 points List and give a non-textbook/lecture note example of three types of noise that can disrupt communication. (3 marks) 1)A lisp is an example of a noise that can disrupt communication as it can hinder understanding of the message from the sender to the receiver 2) Physical noise can disrupt communication for example when talking to someone outside the noise of traffic can affect hearing and disrupt the communication process 3)I have chronic migraines and when I leave them untreated it creates a ringing in my head which disrupts communication as I am unable to hear properly or focus on conversation. The correct answer is not displayed for Written Response type questions. 3 / 4 points Question 8 Explain the concept of environment in communication. First, define it according to its role in the transactional model of communication. Next, give a non-textbook/lecture note example of how it has impacted communication exchanges in your experience. Environment (context) plays a major role in the transactional model of communication, all communication occurs within an environment/context and we must adapt to that environment to truly understand communication. In the transactional model, both communicators have their environments and nice and that affects how we communicate as well as how we perceive what others are communicating. For example the physical environment such as a lecture hall, in this environment communication would be different than if the communication between the professor and the students was held in a park, as in different environments there are different factors/noise. The correct answer is not displayed for Written Response type questions. 0 / 1 pointQuestion 9 Which of the following is supported by research related to how the self-concept develops? Self-concept does not exist at birth Self-concept is almost totally a product of social interaction Children recognize 'self' as distinct from surroundings at about age six or seven months All of the above are supported None of the above are supported Question 10 1 / 1 point A 'hard' culture is a culture that values ___________. achievement collectivism low power distance nurturing high power distance Question 11 1 / 1 point Simone wants to appear authoritative, so she sits behind a large oak desk facing her subordinates when they come to speak with her. How is Simone managing her identity? By appearance. By manner. By posture. By setting. Question 12 1 / 1 point Which of the following is used in face-to-face interactions to manage impressions? physical appearance words and verbal action personal items physical setting all of the above Question 13 1 / 1 pointWhich of these statements is most likely to be true? A low self-monitor employs little identity management. A low self-monitor is highly aware of their identity management. A high self-monitor is highly aware of their identity management. A high self-monitor employs little identity management. Question 14 1 / 1 point ____ is the view that self-concept is a product of the messages received throughout your life. reflected appraisal social comparison multidimensional self subjective self-concept self-fulfilling prophecy Question 15 0 / 1 point Even though others disagree, Diandra thinks of herself as a tremendously effective communicator. She enforces this image by surrounding herself with people who are very shy and socially naïve. Diandra's unrealistic handling of this situation provides an example of _____________. the theory of significant others social comparison theory self-discipline theory similarity theory consistency appraisal theory Question 16 1 / 1 point The self-concept is most powerfully shaped by which of the following? Self-esteem. Self-monitoring. Significant others. Cognitive complexity. Question 17 0 / 1 point Promotion to a more responsible job, being blamed by a friend for fights and having your birthday forgotten are all likely to contribute to which of the following? Defensiveness. Self-concept.Self-monitoring. Social comparison. Self-esteem Question 18 1 / 1 point How is self-esteem related to self-concept? The two terms refer to the same concept. They both contribute to the evaluation one gives of his/her worth. Self-esteem is the part of the self-concept that evaluates self worth. Self-concept is an aspect of self-esteem that involves beliefs about oneself. Question 19 3 / 3 points Discuss the relevance of identity management in the workplace. Describe how cultural differences can lead to identity management conflict. ( 3 marks) Identity management within the workplace is very important, you present a version of yourself that is professional where as with your friends you may be more casual. We use our presenting self to reflect a specific image to our coworkers and bosses but this may not be our true selves. Cultural differences can lead to identity management conflict because as a country we are so diverse, we are immersed in many different cultures, in one culture it may seem rude to not sit and have a drink with your boss but in another culture it is simply not practised. This is where we can run into conflict because people have different customs and beliefs that may not be shared by everyone within the workplace. The correct answer is not displayed for Written Response type questions. 4 / 4 points Question 20 We have certain expectations which are products of our prejudices. How do you think these expectations have affected certain groups of people (e.g. women, Muslims, white males, university students)? Select 2 groups of people and explain how reflected appraisal influences their identities. (4 marks). I think these expectations have had a major impact of all kinds of groups, having a prejudice towards a certain group of people, may that be women, muslims, white males, or university students we affect their self-concept. We essentially are communicating to them that they are different, verbally or non-verbally. As a result this affects their identity management, around certain people they may present themselves one way in order to comply with such expectations, even though their presented self may not be their perceived self. Reflected appraisal influences their identity because they are shaped by the words and actions of those around them. For instance if a boy wears makeup there is a stigma that surrounds that and he may receive backlash for doing so, even though he enjoys wearing makeup he may not wear it around his grandpa for example because he knows his grandpa is homophobic. Another groupis women, our significant others have the greatest impact on us, women are believed to have famine qualities and traits but as everyone is different in expressing themselves not all women share that quality. A girl for example may feel more comfortable dressing in boys clothes, even though her mother always dressed her skirts and dresses when she was a child. Her perceived self is that she feels more comfortable dressing one way even though the perceived norm may be to dress more feminine. 1 / 1 point Scientists developed __________ to describe how a person's position in a society shapes his or her view of society and of specific individuals. social theory interaction theory standpoint theory social role theory self concept theory Question 2 1 / 1 point The interpersonal perception process involves creating halos and horns. interpreting information gained passively and actively. balancing the primacy and recency effects. selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. Question 3 1 / 1 point A woman observes what she believes is her husband flirting with the waitress at a restaurant where the couple is having dinner. The husband claims he only smiled at the waitress and that in any case, it was because his wife was acting angry anyway. The wife says she was angry because he was flirting. The disagreement about what happened can best be explained by which process in the organizing stage of the perception process. punctuating superimposing attritbution closure Question 4 1 / 1 point Which step of perception is based on the fact that we notice some messages and ignore others? selection organization interpretationnegotiation none of the above Question 5 0 / 1 point How could you improve this perception-checking statement? "When you gave me an F on my essay, I figured you hated me. Right?" Describe behaviour. Give another interpretation. Request clarification. It is a good perception-checking statement just the way it is. Question 6 1 / 1 point Which of the following is a cause of inaccurate perception? We look beyond the obvious. We tend to assume others are similar to us. We judge ourselves more negatively than others. We tend to favour positive impressions of people over negative impressions. Question 7 1 / 1 point How is empathy related to perception? The more perceptive you are, the less empathetic you need be. The more perceptive you are, the easier it is to forget to be empathetic. Empathy and perception both require a high level of self-monitoring. Empathy is facilitated by trying to perceive things from the other person's point of view. Question 8 0 / 1 point Shefali says that she works out in the evenings instead of the afternoons because Anil is always late coming home from work. Anil says he doesn't bother to rush home from work because Shefali is always working out. What term refers to the difference in perspective between Shefali and Anil? Interpretation. Perspective-taking. Punctuation. Selection. Question 9 0 / 1 pointOrganizing stimuli makes it possible for us to attribute positive qualities to individuals we like. direct our attention to specific stimuli. give meaning to the stimuli we select. process complex information. Question 10 0 / 1 point You shake hands with someone and notice that the hands are hard and callused. You might infer that this person worked with his hands. And since he is wearing coveralls, you assume he is a farmer. Which stage of the perceptual process would be reflected in this example? selecting or simplifying stimuli organizing or imposing structure interpreting or attributing meaning responding or expressing understanding Question 11 2 / 3 points You have two instructors for math. One you like, instructor A, and one you don't, instructor B. During exam week, both gave quizzes, but while you appreciated instructor A giving you a quiz because it helped you to see what you still needed to work on, you did not appreciate instructor B giving you a quiz because you feel that it was unfair to give even more work at such a stressful time. Explain using the halo effect. (3 marks) Answer: My overall impression of Instructor B is negative, as a result it impacts the way I think about him therefore making me angry that he gave a quiz because my overall impression is already bad my reaction will also likely be negative. (With instructor A, there is the halo effect. Because you like this instructor, you attribute positive qualities to him/her. Therefore, the quiz was given in order to help you on the final exam. However, with instructor B, you are experiencing the horn effect. Because you do not like this instructor, you assume that he/she is giving the quiz to give you still more work at a stressful time. You attribute negative qualities to him/her.) Question 12 2 / 3 points Discuss three methods by which we organize the information we take in and support your answer with non-textbook/lecture note examples from your own life. (3 marks) Answer: Three methods by which we organize the information we take in are through physical constructs, role constructs, and physiological constructs. In physical (Answers will vary (must notconstructs I may organize information differently when I am communicating with my grandma or my nephew, as they vary in age the way I communicate with them changes as well. With role constructs I wouldn't talk to my doctor the same way I would talk to my friends, in communicating with a person of authority I am much more careful with my words and always show respect, whereas with my friends I can be more laid back. With psychological constructs if my I'm talking to my boyfriend who seems nervous I would interpret and organize the information differently. include methods from text or lecture notes)) Question 13 4 / 4 points The text divides the act of perception into a 4 part process. Name each parts and then using a non-textbook/lecture note example, describe how each part functions. (4 marks) Physiological influences- age plays a big role in physiological influence because at different ages we have different access to different information and experiences, I view gay marriage extremely differently than my grandparents or great grandparents would. Psychological influences- my mood affects how I view things in the moment that I am experiencing them in, if I am in a good mood/happy mood I may be more susceptible to think positively rather than if I was sad I would think negatively. Seeing a child playing when I am happy may make me smile or enjoy their presence where as if I am in a sad mood I might find the child annoying and disruptive. Social influences- sex and gender roles are a huge part of social influences. Growing up if my brother played with my dolls I saw that as a feminine activity and was confused as to why he was doing that because he was a boy. Cultural influences- thinking and logic, in some cultures they are brought up to believe that child/arranged marriage is okay however in my culture and country I have been raised to think it is not. The correct answer is not displayed for Written Response type questions. 1 / 1 point The mood of the party was pleasant but subdued. Then Bruce arrived. He was animated, upbeat and outgoing; before long, most of the people at the partly were laughing and joking. What term describes Bruce's impact on the party? Emotional contagion. Empathy. Presenting self. Social transmission. Question 15 1 / 1point An increased heartbeat, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in adrenaline secretions are all part of which emotional component? physiological changes nonverbal manifestations cognitive interpretations verbal expressions all of the above Question 16 1 / 1 point Components in our emotions include _________________. physiological changes nonverbal reactions cognitive interpretations a and b a and b and c Question 17 0 / 1 point Rebecca tearfully apologizes to her history professor for showing up 30 minutes late to class. Rebecca is experiencing a(n) ________________. first order emotion second order emotion fallacy of causation emotional contagion fallacy of should Question 18 1 / 1 point Which of the following is the best advice for sharing feelings? Express only primary feelings. Accept responsibility for your own feelings. Express your feelings as soon as they occur. Recognize that feeling and acting out the feeling are the same. Question 19 0 / 1 point 'If I take chemistry, I'll probably get an "F".' This statement is an example of the fallacy of ___________. overgeneralizationperfection causation shoulds catastrophic expectations Question 20 4 / 4 points Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, describe two potential emotional reactions you might have experienced. Identify the 4 components of emotion that occurred in each example. (4 marks) 1- an emotional reaction I may have experience is sadness during a breakup, the physiological component would have effected my heart rate and body temperature. The cognitive component I am interpreting the way I am feeling as a result of the breakup. The mood component was that I was experiencing sadness for prolonged periods of time for the duration of 2 weeks after the breakup. The behavioural component is that I am crying and my facial expression is down/sad. 2- Happiness after winning a championship game, the physiological component I experienced was an adrenaline rush, my blood pressure shot up and my heart was beating fast. The behavioural component was that I was smiling and was expressing joy. The cognitive component was I was interpreting that I was happy and therefore expressed my happiness through my behaviour. The emotional component was that I was happy for a short duration. 0 / 1 point Which of the following is the best paraphrase of the statement, "You've got to get those reports in on time or it looks bad for both of us." "Sounds like you're upset with me." "You're upset because when I didn't get the Murphy report done by last Friday, you got in trouble, too?" "Yeah, we're under a lot of pressure. Those guys in upper management are too uptight about deadlines." "Getting the reports in on time is important. Could you help me out by reminding me when the deadlines are?" Question 2 1 / 1 point Which statement about the conversation below is accurate? Speaker:Trent is such a jerk; he always takes me for granted. Listener:You're disgusted with the way Trent has been treating you. The listener used pseudolistening. The listener gave a poor paraphrase because it doesn't use the speaker's words. The listener should have used a question before trying to paraphrase. The listener used a paraphrase to try and understand the speaker's message.Both a and b are accurate. Question 3 1 / 1 point Paraphrasing can be considered a form of which of the following? Assertive communication. Behavioural description. Metacommunication. Perception checking. Question 4 1 / 1 point At least four of his friends have told Spencer that his girlfriend is dating others, but Spencer never seems to hear what they are saying. Spencer is probably a(n) ___________. pseudolistener insulated listener stage hogger defensive listener ambusher Question 5 0 / 1 point According to the text, which of the following is the best way to improve your listening? Ignore or filter out distractions. Try to identify the main idea in a speaker's message. Speak more so the speaker knows you are interested. As soon as you have a sense that you understand what the speaker means, voice it and show your understanding. Question 6 0 / 1 point In general, for a paraphrase to be most helpful to the speaker, it should contain which of the following? The speaker's ideas. The speaker's feelings and ideas. The speaker's feelings, ideas, and your analysis. The speaker's feelings, ideas, and some sound advice. Question 7 1 / 1 point Barriers to listening include ___________________. information overloadrapid thought and noise other-affirmation all of the above a and b only Question 8 1 / 1 point Fatigue or other forms of discomfort can create which barrier to listening? hearing problems information overload personal concerns rapid thought noise Question 9 2 / 3 points In your own words, explain what paraphrasing is and how it is used to help others solve their problems. Use non-textbook/lecture note examples and specific language to explain and illustrate your answer. (3 marks) Paraphrasing is reciting the main ideas of others in your own words to grasp a better understanding or gain clarity. For example my friend says to me "I am having a hard time talking to Emma and I don't know what's going on", I might paraphrase and say "sounds like you are upset that you and Emma aren't getting along well right now". I say this to gain clarity about the situation and her feelings, to make sure I am interpreting her message correctly. The correct answer is not displayed for Written Response type questions. 4 / 4 points Question 10 Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, briefly describe 4 different types of listening responses you might give to a friend who says to you "that professor wants me to think of him as God or something. He thinks nobody could possibly know anything before they get to his classroom". Be sure to label the style that the example illustrates. (4 marks). 1. silent lisenting, where I would listen attentively and my responses would be non-verbal 2. Paraphrasing, I would grasp the main idea in her message and relay it back to her in my own words to try to understand what she means 3. Selective listening, I only select the information I think is important 4. Ambushing, where I would listen carefully to only use that information against her later The example illustrates paraphrasing The correct answer is not displayed for Written Response type questions. 1 / 1 point Static evaluation is a statement that evokes different meanings for different to recognize change. reflects gender or ethnic bias. lumps people together into categories. Question 12 1 / 1 point The statement, 'Canadians are materialistic,' is an example of which problem caused by overly abstract language? a euphemistic statement syntactic confusion the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis stereotyping none of the above Question 13 1 / 1 point When is making an inference a reasonable thing to do in interpersonal communication? When the other person understands you. When you wait for the other to infer also. When you identify the inference to the other person. When you first describe the fact that led to the inference. Question 14 0 / 1 point An "I" language statement must contain which of the following? A description of the other person's feelings. A description of the other person's behaviour. The consequences of the speaker's behaviour. Supportive comments about the other person. Question 15 0 / 1 point There is evidence to suggest that we have the ability to control our emotions based on our ability to control what we think about, as well as the choice of words we use to describe our feelings. This illustrates which of the following: words have the power to create words communicate denotative and connotative meaning words communicate concrete or abstract meaning words have power to affect the quality of our interpersonal relationships Question 16 1 / 1 pointYour parents assuming you will still enjoy activities that you enjoyed as a child is an example of dating. static evaluation. polarizing. bypassing. Question 17 1 / 1 point Polarization is a word barrier that describes and evaluates in extremes. labels people, objects, and events without considering change. pronounces something as fact without verification. reflects gender, ethnic, or racial bias. Question 18 1 / 1 point You call your 28-year-old nephew a "juvenile delinquent" because he spray-painted your fence when he was 11. This is an example of the word barrier polarization. bypassing. static evaluation. lack of clarity. Question 19 1.5 / 3 points Using specific terms, identify the language problem(s) illustrated in the following statement: 'Camille is insensitive.' Rewrite it to be less troublesome, adding any necessary information. (3 marks) The language problem in the following statement is that it is abstract because there is no context or detail which leaves a lot to the interpretation of the receiver. A rewrite that is less troublesome could be " Camille is insensitive because she doesn't care about my feelings before she speaks and says things that offend me". The correct answer is not displayed for Written Response type questions. 3 / 4 points Describe what abstract language is and how you use unnecessarily abstract language that can cause communication problems. Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, provide at least one negative and one positive outcome of using abstract language. (4 marks) Abstract language is where we determine the generality of our message. Abstract language can be useful because at times it's easier to say while still getting the point across, a positive outcome is that it allows the sender to avoid confrontation and embarrassment by being very vague or unclear. A negative outcome is that it can cause stereotyping, example having onebad experience with someone is France and making the stereotyping statement that all French people are rude. 0 / 1 point What is the increased use of adaptors often a sign of? Discomfort. Flexibility. Inferiority. Power. Question 2 0 / 1 point People who gesture appropriately often create impressions of being more _______________. formal warm and agreeable analytic distant logical Question 3 1 / 1 point Which messages are not conveyed by clothing? economic and educational levels analytical and logical trustworthiness and moral character sophistication and social position level of success Question 4 1 / 1 point In response to your mother's question, "Where are the car keys?" you point to the hall table and say, "Over there." You are illustrating which relationship of verbal and non-verbal messages? Non-verbal messages repeat and reinforce verbal messages. Non-verbal messages substitute for verbal messages. Non-verbal messages regulate verbal messages. Non-verbal messages contradict verbal messages. Question 5 0 / 1 point Which distance is being used when an employer talks with an employee as they are seated across from each other at an office desk?intimate personal social public territorial Question 6 1 / 1 point Vocal intonation patterns, audible breaths, eye contact patterns, and pauses in a conversation are nonverbal behaviours that illustrate which nonverbal function? Accenting. Regulating. Contradicting. Complementing. Question 7 3 / 3 points Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, explain three of the different characteristics of nonverbal communication. (3 marks) 1. Kinesics which involves body orientation, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact, for example our face and eyes are one of the most important features that tell someone how we are feeling, maintaining eye contact is important when giving presentations in class because it helps to engage the audience and make sure they are paying attention. 2. Vocal fillers are provide insight to the fluency of the words that are being communicated by the sender. For example when I am doing a presentation in class and as I am speaking I use words such as "like, umm, uhhh" etc I am indicating that I am not very knowledgeable on the topic and thus am not comfortable with communicating it. 3. Touch is another non-verbal characteristic, making physical contact during communication, this characteristic is also very dependent on the context surrounding the situation, at times it may be inappropriate. 2 / 3 points Question 8 Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, describe the technological advances that must take place in order for the Internet (and similar technology) to become a more useful tool for communicating relational messages. (3 marks) The internet has become a tool used to connect people worldwide through communication online. To communicate relational messages we must be able to communicate feelings the waywe would face to face, technology has already advanced significantly in creating things such as emojis that depict facial expressions that can be used via text or online. A technological advance that would be useful in making the internet a convenient tool for communicating relational messages would be by integrating pictorial and video interactions to allow intimacy between communicators, as well as increase the size and diversity of social networks. 0 / 1 point The type of power which is typically not a part of an interpersonal relationship is legitimate power. referent power. expert power. coercive power. All of the above ARE typically part of an interpersonal relationship Question 10 0 / 1 point Although she has a boyfriend, Kim realizes she may be happier if she was single when she goes away to college. Kim is rating her relationship according to her ____________. reward level cost level of alternatives comparison level comparison level of alternatives social exchange level Question 11 0 / 1 point "Why don't you go ahead and visit your friends without me this weekend. I'll stick around and catch up on my studies." This statement typifies which relational stage? Avoiding Differentiating Integrating Terminating Question 12 1 / 1 point Your roommate says "It's your turn to take out the garbage" in a demanding tone of voice. What is the best thing for you to do if you want to clarify the relational dimension of her message? Tell your roommate how defensive she sounds. Ask your roommate's friend to explain the real problem. Point out the tone of voice and ask if your roommate is upset with you.Negotiate other ways of dealing with the garbage problem which may lead to a discussion of the real problem. Question 13 0 / 1 point Which type of person was rated as the most attractive? superior person who did not blunder superior person who blundered average person who blundered average person who did not blunder a and d only Question 14 4 / 4 points Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, explain 4 reasons why people choose others as potential relational partners. (4 marks) 1. Appearance, this is the initial reason we want to form a relationship with that person, because we are attracted to them. 2. Similarity, we find interest in the same things, have similar values, or have the same race or educational standing, example me and my boyfriend both like basketball. 3. Rewards, we seek people who can give us outcomes we desire, this can be material, physical, or emotional example attention. 4. Proximity we are most likely to develop a relationship with someone we interact with often. Example, I am more likely to develop a friendship with the person sitting beside me in my lecture compared to the one sitting all the way across the lecture hall. Question 15 Communication climates are a function of which of the following? The tasks people perform. Individual personality characteristics. The way people feel about one another. Time, place, and communication context. Question 16 0 / 1 point When we say a person is defensive, what is true of that person? They are very sensitive. They are protecting their self-concept. They are protecting their presenting self. They are projecting a negative or hostile perceived self. Question 17 0 / 1point Being criticized is most threatening when the critic is ______________. being unfair tentative accurate empathetic all of the above Question 18 1 / 1 point The decision whether a message is perceived as confirming or disconfirming is ________. all in the way a message is delivered dependent on the context of a situation not dependent on the receiver in the eye of the beholder none of the above Question 19 1 / 1 point Following initiation norms provides comfort and security by reducing uncertainty. allows you to present yourself positively. assists you in observing and acting upon approachability cues. identifies possible conversation starters. Question 20 3 / 4 points Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, briefly discuss the quote "I would rather be forgotten than ignored" in the context of the material relevant to communication climates. (4 marks) The quote "I would rather be forgotten than ignored" refers to the feelings of disconfirmation, because if we were being ignored that would be an intentional behaviour that would make one feel disrespected or not valued and if constant, could impose a negative communication climate. It feels better to be forgotten than to have someone know you are there but will no acknowledge your presence. To be forgotten doesn't necessarily mean you aren't important but being ignored sends the direct message that you aren't important enough to be acknowledged. Question 21 Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, describe the 4 steps involved in minimizing debilitative emotions. 1. Monitor you emotional reactions – be aware of what you're feeling – check out how your body is reacting. Name your emotion and rate it on a scale of one to ten.2. Take note of the event that is working you up. ... 3. Listen in on your own self-talk. ... 4. Dispute your irrational beliefs. 1. An Intentional or unintentional, verbal or nonverbal response to a message is called - Destination - Receiver input - Feedback - Channel selection 2. What are the two dimensions of most interpersonal messages? - Content and Relational - Defensive and supportive - Semantic and syntactic - Verbal and contextual 3. Which of the following is an accurate statement about communication? - Much communication is unintentional - Which concentration we can control when and what we communicate - Words have meanings independent of people’s use of them - More communication is always better - Communication ability is natural 1. Which of the following best defines the meaning of “environments” that communicators occupy? - The social systems in which they communicate - The physical locations in which they communicate - The space that they require to communicate effectively. - The fields of experience that affect how they understand others’ behavior. 2. What are the types of noise that can hinder communication? - Internal, external and transactional - Linear, interactional, and transactional - External, physiological, and psychological - Sociological, physiological and psychological Answer: 3. Negative self-fulfilling prophecies you impose upon yourself are a form of which of the following? - Identity management - Psychological noise - Reflected appraisal - Self- monitoringAnswer: 4. What terms refers to the kind of person you believe yourself to be? - Ideal self - Perceived self - Persona - Presenting self. Answer: 5. Channels correspond to your - Signals - Senses - Receivers - Noise source Answer: 6. Which of these statements about identity management is true? - All identity management is done intentionally - Self-monitoring is unrelated to identity management - We create our identities while we interact with others - We use identity management to create a single desirable identity - All of the above are true. Answer: 7. The term used to describe the verbal and nonverbal ways we act to maintain our own and others presenting images is called - Facework - Multiple identity construction - Self-presentation - Identity performance - Self-esteem maintenance Answer: 8. The commutation strategies people use to influence how others view them is called - Public self-strategies - Social comparison strategies - Reflected appraisal strategies - Identity management strategies - Perceived self-strategies Answer: 1. The tendency to perceive our own behaviour as more positive than others' behaviour is called- fundamental attribution error - self-serving bias - ignoring information - focusing on the negative - individualistic culture 3. Maureen and Roland argue about where to spend the holidays. Roland argues because Maureen is unwilling to make concessions whereas Maureen argues because Roland isn't respecting Maureen's feelings. This is an example of ______________. stereotyping cognitive complexity empathy sympathy punctuation 5. Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system are known as _________. - empathy - perspective taking - stereotyping - salience - punctuation 6. A/n ________ is a bipolar quality that we use to classify people. construct attribute impression implicit personality theory7. After we have selected and organized stimuli, the last part of the perception process is Decide if we like or dislike the person. consider what we still need to know about the person. plan our own approach to the person. attach meaning to all we have observed. 8. Thomas has been traveling abroad for over a month and he is getting homesick. He starts to notice maple leaf emblems on the backpacks of other Canadian travelers more than before. This is an example of which step of the perception process? Interpretation. Organization. Selection. Sensation. 9. When we place someone in a rigid category and then interpret all the person's behavior from the framework of that category, what perceptual process are we using? imposing consistency stereotyping focusing on the negative Oversimplifying 10. Tendencies that distort perceptions include ______________. being influenced by the obvious clinging to first impressions and assuming others are like us favoring negative impressions and blaming innocent victims being influenced by our expectations all of the above11. You have two instructors for math. One you like, instructor A, and one you don't, instructor B. During exam week, both gave quizzes, but while you appreciated instructor A giving you a quiz because it helped you to see what you still needed to work on, you did not appreciate instructor B giving you a quiz because you feel that it was unfair to give even more work at such a stressful time. Explain using the halo effect. (3 marks) Answer: (With instructor A, there is the halo effect. Because you like this instructor, you attribute positive qualities to him/her. Therefore, the quiz was given in order to help you on the final exam. However, with instructor B, you are experiencing the horn effect. Because you do not like this instructor, you assume that he/she is giving the quiz to give you still more work at a stressful time. You attribute negative qualities to him/her.) 12. Identify and describe the three stages of the interpersonal perception process and give a non-textbook/lecture note example of each stage. (3 marks) Answer: (Stage One: Select Information - example - When I deliberately focus on what my girlfriend is saying and tune out the noise from the television., Stage Two: Organize Information - example - You associate the honking horn and your son getting picked up to go to soccer practice., Stage Three: Interpretation - example - You get an unexpected telephone call from your cousin telling you that she has not been able to speak to Aunt Del (who is 88 years old) for three days, and she wonders if you had made contact with your aunt. You're worried and wonder if something terrible has happened.) 14. Using situational clues to label symptoms is characteristic of which emotional component? physiological changes nonverbal manifestations cognitive interpretations verbal expressions all of the above 15. An empty feeling in the pit of your stomach, tense muscles, and headaches are examples of what component of emotional reactions? Cognitive interpretations. Nonverbal reactions. Physiological factors.Proprioceptive interpretations. 17. Although she was annoyed when the students challenged her statement, the instructor maintained a calm presenting self. What was the primary influence that caused her to restrain herself in this situation? Her culture. Emotional contagion. Fear of self disclosure. Her social role. 18. Monitoring self-talk is a way to ________________. recognize your feelings share multiple emotions accept responsibility for your feelings choose the best time and place for expressing your feelings speak unambiguously 19. The recognition that others don't cause your feelings helps you ________________. recognize your feelings share multiple emotions accept responsibility for your feelings choose the best time and place for expressing your feelings speak unambiguously Online Test #3 - Test Solutions (Version 1) 1. A fact is something that has been directly observed or proven to be true, whereas an inference is a conclusion based on partial information or speculation. something proven to be hing based purely on observation. something that cannot be proven. 3. Depending on mental ability, a listener can process up to how many words each minute? 100-200 300-500 500-600 600-800 4. You cannot follow the theory of supply and demand until your economics professor relates it to the price of diamond rings. Which part of the listening process has occurred? attending selecting understanding responding remembering 5. Distractions , such as newspapers and television, that take your focus away from the message are called external noise. information overload. personal agenda. emotional noise. 6. When the listener responds with statements such as "are you saying ..."; "so the point you are making seems to be ...", she or he is asking questions. reflecting feelings by paraphrasing. reflecting content by paraphrasing. understanding the partner's of the above 7. Imagine you've been listening to a friend talk about whether or not to drop out of school. Which is the best paraphrasing response? "Which alternative sounds best to you?" "When you're this confused, it's best to go with your heart." "You're confused because there are as many reasons to stay as there are to leave?" "You do sound mixed up. Maybe you ought to hold off making a decision for a while?" 8. The process of using questioning and paraphrasing answers is a type of which of the following? 9. Provide non-textbook/lecture note examples of the 3 listening barriers you use the most and very briefly explain how you might best overcome them. (3 marks) Answer: 3 listening barriers that I use the most are selective listening, daydreaming, and even misunderstanding. Often, I find myself being a selective listener in the sense that I might have grasped the main points of the story and understood the gist of what the speaker wants to say. This results in me filtering out what they perceive and other key points, thus stopping me from listening. I could best overcome this by simply realizing that an effective listener must listen throughout anything someone is trying to tell me. It is my own fault that I choose to select certain things to pay attention to when I should be really listening to everything they are saying. The other barrier I use the most is daydreaming. This occurs when I hear something that might have set off a chain of unrelated thoughts in my mind, then I become distracted by my own "world" and get lost within. This can even show in my facial features. I can overcome this by trying to tune into reality more and be in the moment. I must listen and stay on track with the conversation that is happening in front of me. The last barrier is misunderstanding. Sometimes I have the inability to hear correctly and it is one of the many reasons for misunderstanding what the speak is trying to communicate. I also Feedback. Linear communication. Metacommunication. Selective think it is impolite to ask the speaker to clarify their words, but I realize it's not the case at all. By doing so, I would be making a focused effort to try to understand them. 10. Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, explain the habits of people who listen ineffectively. (4 marks) Answer: Habits of people who listen ineffectively are, lack of interest in the subject, interrupting, stuck in their thoughts, hearing only what is superficially said and missing the real meaning, and body language that signals disinterest. These are all physical, mental, and verbal habits of what people tend to do when they are listening very ineffectively. Most of the time, lack of interest appears on their face and they become disconnected from the conversation which becomes obvious. Missing the bigger picture is also an issue when you are too focused on the details. Interrupting is also a rude and ineffective way of listening to the speaker. 11. Which of the following is the best example of highly abstract language? "You can play tennis!" "John is a loyal person." "Turn to page 116 and do the exercise at the bottom of the page." "My car wouldn't start this morning; I wish I had never bought it." 12. Research on naming reveals that _____________. common names are viewed as being less strong and active than unusual names people with common names were rated as more likeable than those with uncommon names unusual names tend to be more damaging to women than to men a and b all of the above 13. The rules which tell us what interpretation of a message is appropriate in a given context are ___________. syntactic semanticpragmatic all of the above a and b 14. Before you can decipher the specific meanings of words, they need to be placed in context. have a connotative meaning. to be culturally bound. to be arbitrary. 15. Lack of precision is a word barrier that occurs when change is not considered when labelling people and events. people and things are lumped together. language reflects bias. words are used inappropriately or imprecisely. 16. "Marriage counsellors always favour the woman." What abstraction problem is illustrated by this statement? Directness. Self-confusion. Self-fulfilling prophecy. Stereotyping. 17. The actual vehicle that the word "bus" represents is a symbol. referent. thought. abstract. 18. If you call the container in which you carry your lunch a bag and your roommate calls the container in which s/he transports lunch a sack, you are demonstrating thatwords are context bound. words are culturally bound. words have denotative meaning. words are arbitrary. 19. Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, explain and give an example of the disruptive language concept 'Fact-inference confusion'. (3 marks) Answer: The disruptive language concept 'Fact-inference confusion' occurs when an individual treats inferences (opinions) as facts and vice versa. For instance, one can say "She is wearing a blue dress" and "She looks terrible in that blue dress." Either sentence is grammatically identical, but they represent two very different types of statements. One is fact, and the other is an inference. An inference is a statement that you make not solely on the basis of what you observe but on the basis of what you observe plus your own conclusions. 20. Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, discuss 4 word barriers and how to overcome them. (4 marks) Answer: 4 words barriers are lack of precision, symbols or words with different meanings, semantic barriers, and badly expressed messages. Lack of precision is using words that are not precise or have the correct meaning. Semantic barriers is when the words, signs, and figures used in the communication are explained by the receiver in the light of their experience which creates doubtful situations. Symbols or words with different meanings becomes a barrier because the receiver misunderstands the communication, then it becomes meaningless. Lastly, badly expressed messages are created because of the wrong choice of words and is also called linguistic chaos. Online Test #4 - Test Solutions (Version 1) 1. What does it mean when you see a stranger smiling. They are happy. They are faking something. They want to communicate. You don't know what it means.3. Speakers regulate conversation and indicate they are finished talking by _____________. looking at the conversational partner glancing at the listener and then looking away blinking at the listener and then looking away looking at the listener when talking, then looking down when at the end of a message an increase in volume 4. Which of the following statements is true about nonverbal communication? Nonverbal messages are more intentional than verbal messages. Nonverbal communication is more ambiguous than verbal communication. Nonverbal behaviours reach us one at a time, whereas verbal messages reach us all at once. Verbal messages are more powerful than nonverbal signals when they are delivered at the same time. 6. Which type of nonverbal communication is considered the most noticeable? face posture and gesture touch voice proxemics and territoriality 7. Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, explain why are nonverbal vocal sounds are important to interpersonal communication? (3 marks) Answer: Nonverbal vocal sounds are important to interpersonal communication. Nonverbal cues or "body language" speaks the loudest. It is the use of physical behaviour, expressions, and mannerisms to communicate interpersonally and is also done instinctively rather than consciously. They can put people at ease, build trust, and draw other towards you, or they can offend, confuse, and undermine what you're trying to convey. These messages don't stop when you stop speaking either. Even when you are silent with each other, you are still communicatingnonverbally face-to-face. In some instances, what comes out of your mouth and what you communicate through your body language may be two totally different things. If you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your listener will likely feel that you're being dishonest. That's why nonverbal vocal sounds extremely important. Overall, face-to-face communication is all about these nonverbal cues. 8. Using at least two of the types of nonverbal communication described in your text, and referring to your own experience, describe an incident which illustrates how nonverbal behaviour can be ambiguous. How could you or the other person involved reduce the ambiguity of that situation? (3 marks) Answer: Nonverbal behaviour can be ambiguous in many occasions. In the scenario I gave above I said, "what comes out of your mouth and what you communicate through your body language may be two totally different things." If you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your listener will likely feel that you're being dishonest. Perhaps the listener could even think you aren't sure what you are talking about. 9. Logical reasons for the similarity thesis include _____________. social validation of ourselves reduces uncertainty and anxiety assume they like us, so we like them all of the above a and c only 10. Anna, who is counsellor at a women's crisis center, says the reason she most often hears from battered wives for returning to their husbands is, 'I don't have any other place to go.' Which explanation of why people perform relationships best predicts this relationship? the similarity thesis that suggests we like people whom we perceive are like us the reciprocity thesis that suggests being liked by others is a strong source of attraction the competency thesis that suggests we are attracted to people we believe are competent exchange theory that suggests we form relationships through assessment of potential rewards and costsdisclosure theory that suggests we are attracted to those who use disclosure appropriately 11. Sean and Sharon have been married for six months. Recently Sean has started playing hockey again like he did before the wedding. Sharon is spending more time reconnecting with her female friends. Sean and Sharon are in which stage of relational development? Avoiding. Differentiating. Experimenting. Normalizing. 12. Legitimate power is based on interpersonal attraction. appointment or election to a position. knowledge and skill in a particular area. the ability to punish. 13. When you send someone a birthday card because she or he sent you one, you are complying with the norm of __________________. 14. Using specific terms and non-textbook/lecture note examples, describe how a professor could exercise 4 of the types of power in a university class, (4 marks) Answer: A professor could exercise reward power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power in a university class. To begin with, reward power involves the ability to provide approval, privileges, or some other form of compensation. Students in the class are equality reciprocity regularity collegiality familiarityultimately rewarded if they do what the professors tells them to do correctly. Reward power can be connected with operant conditioning in that rewards could be given when the student demonstrates appropriate behaviour as well. When students are quiet and listening during the whole lecture period, the professor will let them out early. Another power they may exercise is legitimate power, a position that natural confers powers. By just being a professor, a person has a certain amount of authority over their students. A position gives you a temporary amount of power in the beginning, but this does not last. Then there is referent power which is a measure of how much students like and respect a professor. This form of power can be developed through being fair and concerned about students and can contribute to academic success. Lastly, a professor can exercise expert power which is the knowledge and experience a teacher brings with them into the classroom. They bring energy and wisdom into the learning environment through their joy of teaching which in turn makes the students want to follow them and become encouraged to learn more. 15. We gather information about the other person in the initial stages of the relationship to to reduce uncertainty. to see what we have in common. to assess their potential. to give us something to talk about. 16. Messages that communicate, 'I know what's best for you, and if you do as I say, we'll get along' are associated with which Gibb component? control spontaneity neutrality strategy problem-orientation 17. You say to your roommate, "I need some quiet for schoolwork. I would like to figure out a way for you to enjoy your music while I have some quiet time for studying." This is an example of which Gibb category? Empathy. Neutrality. Problem Orientation. Strategy.18. What function does defensiveness serve? It protects our self-concept. It increases intimacy in the relationship. It is a way to prepare for self-disclosure. It is a way to protect our presenting self. 19. Waving at an acquaintance as you pass on the street is an example of confirming communication at which level? Acknowledgment. Endorsement. Intensifying. Recognition. 1. Jake is embarrassed to find that the 'Dumb Blond' jokes he told in class was offensive to several of his classmates. John made the common perception mistake of _________. - being influenced by the obvious. - clinging to first impressions. - assuming others are like us - incorporating the halo effect - none of the above 2. Jacob and Trish view a series of events in different ways: Jacob says that he goes out drinking with the guys because she always fusses at him when he gets home; Trish says she fusses at him when he gets home because he always goes out drinking after work. What term refers to this gap in perception between Jacob and Trish? - Interpretation. - Perspective-taking. - Punctuation. - Selection. 5. Describe 4 common tendencies in perception that often lead to misperceptions. What role has each played/not played in the formation of your perceptions of people you interact with at school. (4 marks). Selection: the process of determining which information we will pay attention to; influenced by stimuli intensity, repetition, contrast, or change as well as our motives and emotional state (example, talking about school basketball player and their heights because they stand out in a group)Organization: the process by which we arrange information in a meaningful way using perceptual schema (example, social positions basketball players have because they are known by everyone on the team and talk to everyone) Interpretation: the process of making sense of perceptions within our minds (example, many students make assumptions that basketball players in school are full of themselves) Negotiation: the process by which communicators influence one another’s perception (example, basketball players negotiating terms with coaches if they get a bad mark, like getting extra help and letting things slide because they're great players) 7. The fallacy of overgeneralization _______________. - confuses 'is' with 'might' - results from trying to obtain everyone's approval - bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence - exaggerates shortcomings - c and d 8. What is a characteristic of facilitative emotions? - They contribute to effective functioning. - They are more common in other cultures. - They usually happen when you feel positive. - They keep you from communicating effectively. How does self-concept develop? reflected appraisal through significant others, social comparison through reference groups Explain the relationship between the self concept and self fulfilling prophecies High self esteem creates creates positive thoughts and desirable behaviour Negative self esteem creates negative thoughts and undesirable behaviour Explain the transactional communication model Environment: A and Bs environment depends on their field of experience- this is always changing and can overlap Noise: psychological, physiological, and external noise can all effect communication Channels: email, text, in person Sending and receiving happens simultaneously Types of Listening Responses Scale that goes from less directive more reflective responses to more directive and less reflective responses Silent listening: being silent and non verbally attentive Questioning: done to clarify meanings/ gather more facts. Learn others thoughts, feelings and wantsEvaluating: appraises the senders thoughts and feelings in some way (good idea or that attitude won't get you anywhere) Advising: providing the speaker with your opinion on what they should do fundamental attribution error We tend to judge ourselves on the most generous terms possible- this turns into a self serving bias Knapp's Model for Relational Development: termination and reasons why breaks the rise and fall of relationships into ten stages; these stages are sorted into broad groups ("Coming together" "Relational maintenance" and "Coming apart") The end of a relationship. Strategy used depends on the level of intimacy the relationship has reached- isn't always bad (leaving a job for new and better things) -characteristics of individuals themselves -lack of fulfillment -poor regulation of interaction Rules of Language Phonological rules: how sounds are combined to form words (pronunciation) Semantic rules: the meaning of statements Syntactic rules: the way symbols can be arranged (word order) Pragmatic rules: what uses of the message are reasonable in a given situation The triangle of meaning Symbol (word) Referent (object) Thought (concept) Shows that there is only an indirect relationship indicated by a broken line between a word and the thing or idea it represents Doesn't have to be a physical object- could be an abstract thought (love, anger) Meanings exist within people and not within words (language is subjective) The perception process Selection: intensity, repetition, motives and our emotion state can affect what we notice Organization: we use perceptual schema ( appearance, social position, social behaviour) to organize data in more than one way Interpretation: Degree of involvement, relational satisfaction, expectations, past Experience affect interpretation Gibb's Categories of Defensive and Supportive Behaviors Evaluation vs description Evaluation: judging the other person usually negatively Description: making observations that are specific and concrete (comment in behaviour that can be changed, use I language instead of you language)Control vs problem orientation Control: imposes solution with little regard for receivers needs or interests Problem orientation: finding a solution that satisfies everyone involved (There is only one way to handle this vs let's work this out together) Neutrality vs empathy Neutrality: indifference Empathy: accepting others feelings, putting yourself in their place ( sometimes things just don't work out vs I know you put a lot of time and effort into this) What is conflict? An expressed struggle: both people in the relationship needs to know for it to be a conflict (neighbours loud music bugs you- isn't a conflict until they know) Scarce rewards: worried you are not going to receive what you are going after- affection, money, space- not enough time in the day Interference- worried the other person is going to stop you from doing and achieving what you want to in life Inevitably: bound to happen in the healthiest relationships- the challenge is to handle them properly when they do arise Individual conflict styles Non assertion: inability or unwillingness to express thoughts and feelings in a conflict -often comes from lack of confidence -avoidance -easiest but results in non satisfying relationships Indirect communication: conveyed through a third party or an obscure way - can save embarrassment -can be a form or protection "I have a boyfriend" vs "I'm not interested" -possible for misunderstanding Passive aggression: expressing dissatisfaction in a disguised manner -guilt -agreeing to your face but having a different agenda -other May not comply- may resentful climate Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict Dysfunctional conflict: outcomes fall short of what is possible- damaging effect on the relationship Functional conflict: achieve the best possible outcome and strengthen the relationship Functional and dysfunctional characteristics Cooperation vs opposition: seeing each