Advanced Pathophysiology: Obstructive & Restrictive Lung Disease Questions & Answers (2026)

Advanced Pathophysiology: Obstructive & Restrictive
Lung Disease Questions & Answers (2026)




The nurse practitioner (NP) is seeing a client with chronic bronchitis that needs spirometry on today's visit.
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What pulmonary function test (PFT) findings are anticipated based on the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis? -
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correct answers2. Decreased forced expiratory flow (FEV1)
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The nurse practitioner (NP) is seeing a client with chronic bronchitis that needs spirometry on today's visit.
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What pulmonary function test (PFT) findings are anticipated based on the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?
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pH - 7.56
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PaCO2 - 30 mmHg s s s




HCO3 - 24 mEq/L s s s




PO2 - 82 mmHg
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O2 saturation - 87% - correct answersRespiratory Alkalosis
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Lung diseases that have (...) are characterized as restrictive, whereas diseases with (...) are characterized as
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obstructive



Increased lung volume, increased lung capacity, reduced lung volume
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Increased airflow, reduced airflow, normal airflow - correct answersReduced lung volume
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, Reduced airflow s




Risk Factors of Lung Disease - correct answers- Age
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- Individual Factors
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- Acute or Chronic Disease
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Age - correct answers- Infants and young children have less alveolar surface area for gas exchange; therefore,
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airways can be easily obstructed by mucus, edema, or foreign objects.
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- Older adults have anatomical and physiological changes expected with advanced age.
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- Loss of elastic recoil of the chest and decreased lung volume capacity (tidal volume)
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- Weaker respiratory muscles, reducing the effort to cough (risk for aspiration)
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- Dilation of alveoli, decreased surface area
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Individual Factors - correct answers- Nonmodifiable: Age, congenital abnormalities, or environmental
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concerns (air pollution, for example) s s s s




- Modifiable: Tobacco use (inhaled smoke) or second-hand exposure to air pollutants; vaccinations to prevent
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pulmonary disease (COVID, influenza, pneumococcal, Tdap) s s s s s




- Other: Clients with altered levels of consciousness, neurological disorders, tracheal intubation, bed rest, or
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immobilization



Acute or Chronic Disease - correct answers- Accumulation of mucus and fluid accumulation in airways (cystic
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fibrosis, pulmonary edema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD])
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- Diseases that reduce oxygen-carrying capacity (e.g., anemia)
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- Hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., allergies) can exacerbate obstructive or reactive lung disease
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Which clients are at high risk for obstructive and restrictive lung disease? Select all that apply.
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- A 54-year-old client with a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia
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- A 34-year-old client with chronic urinary tract infections
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- A 74-year-old client who is immobile living in an assisted living facility
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