Unit 5 Pathology (HTHS) 2230
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Substantia Gelatinase - Answer Cells in the gray matter of the dorsal spinal cord that act as a
pain gate.
What fibers open the "pain gate"? - Answer A-delta and C
*Someone turn the AC on, this heat has me in pain
Affective-motivational system - Answer Individual's emotional response to pain (mediated
through reticular formation limbic system, and brain stem)
cognitive-evaluative system - Answer overlies the individual's learned behavior concerning
the experience of pain and can modulate perception of pain (mediated through the cerebral
cortex)
A Nocireceptors - Answer Myelinated, fast, "bright" pain.
"AAHH! That hurt"
C Nocireceptors - Answer Unmyelinated, slow, "dull" pain
Nocireceptors are chemoreceptors. What 3 things do they detect? - Answer 1. Chemicals
released from damaged tissue (K+, prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
2. Blood products (Serotonin from platelets, bradykinin from plasma)
3. Products of inflammation (Histamine)
Aspirin works as an analgesic (pain reducer) by blocking _________ __ synthesis. - Answer
Prostaglandin E2
What four stops does pain make during pain transmission? - Answer 1. Axons
2.Spinothalamic tract
3. Thalamus
4. Poscentral gyrus
What are the transmitters of ascending pain? (All excitatory) - Answer Glutamate, Substance
P, Nitric Oxide
, *Substance P= pain
What are the transmitters of descending pain? - Answer Serotonin, GABA, Norepinephrine,
Endorphin, Enkephalin.
_____________ & _____________ are peptide neurotransmitters made by the brainstem and
released into the spinal cord that are released due to stress, excessive physical exertion,
acupuncture, and sexual intercourse. All attach to opioid receptors. - Answer Endorphins &
Enkephalins
What do Myofascial pain syndrome, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome have in
common? - Answer They are chronic pain syndromes with unclear borders between
diagnoses. Little is known about them and the only effective treatment is antidepressants.
Neuropathic pain - Answer pain that results as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease
affecting abnormal functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or central nervous
system (CNS)
Peripheral neuropathic pain is trauma or disease to one or more peripheral nerves. Carpel
Tunnel is an example of nerve ________________. - Answer Entrapment
Explain how the body heats itself up (5 steps) - Answer 1. Hypothalamus dumps TSH-RH on
pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH
3. Thyroid releases Thyroxine
4. Thyroxin stimulates systemic release of epinephrine
5. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction in skin (heat conservation) and increases glycolosis and
metabolism (heat production)
What sets the hypothalamic thermostat back to normal? - Answer Endogenous cryogens
-Arginine vasopressin
Why are fevers beneficial? - Answer Kills some organisms directly, promotes lysosomal
breakdown with autodestruction of cells to prevent viral replication in infected cells, increases
lymphocyte transformation and phagocyte motility.
What does hypothermia cause? - Answer Nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and
cell death.
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Substantia Gelatinase - Answer Cells in the gray matter of the dorsal spinal cord that act as a
pain gate.
What fibers open the "pain gate"? - Answer A-delta and C
*Someone turn the AC on, this heat has me in pain
Affective-motivational system - Answer Individual's emotional response to pain (mediated
through reticular formation limbic system, and brain stem)
cognitive-evaluative system - Answer overlies the individual's learned behavior concerning
the experience of pain and can modulate perception of pain (mediated through the cerebral
cortex)
A Nocireceptors - Answer Myelinated, fast, "bright" pain.
"AAHH! That hurt"
C Nocireceptors - Answer Unmyelinated, slow, "dull" pain
Nocireceptors are chemoreceptors. What 3 things do they detect? - Answer 1. Chemicals
released from damaged tissue (K+, prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
2. Blood products (Serotonin from platelets, bradykinin from plasma)
3. Products of inflammation (Histamine)
Aspirin works as an analgesic (pain reducer) by blocking _________ __ synthesis. - Answer
Prostaglandin E2
What four stops does pain make during pain transmission? - Answer 1. Axons
2.Spinothalamic tract
3. Thalamus
4. Poscentral gyrus
What are the transmitters of ascending pain? (All excitatory) - Answer Glutamate, Substance
P, Nitric Oxide
, *Substance P= pain
What are the transmitters of descending pain? - Answer Serotonin, GABA, Norepinephrine,
Endorphin, Enkephalin.
_____________ & _____________ are peptide neurotransmitters made by the brainstem and
released into the spinal cord that are released due to stress, excessive physical exertion,
acupuncture, and sexual intercourse. All attach to opioid receptors. - Answer Endorphins &
Enkephalins
What do Myofascial pain syndrome, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome have in
common? - Answer They are chronic pain syndromes with unclear borders between
diagnoses. Little is known about them and the only effective treatment is antidepressants.
Neuropathic pain - Answer pain that results as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease
affecting abnormal functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or central nervous
system (CNS)
Peripheral neuropathic pain is trauma or disease to one or more peripheral nerves. Carpel
Tunnel is an example of nerve ________________. - Answer Entrapment
Explain how the body heats itself up (5 steps) - Answer 1. Hypothalamus dumps TSH-RH on
pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH
3. Thyroid releases Thyroxine
4. Thyroxin stimulates systemic release of epinephrine
5. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction in skin (heat conservation) and increases glycolosis and
metabolism (heat production)
What sets the hypothalamic thermostat back to normal? - Answer Endogenous cryogens
-Arginine vasopressin
Why are fevers beneficial? - Answer Kills some organisms directly, promotes lysosomal
breakdown with autodestruction of cells to prevent viral replication in infected cells, increases
lymphocyte transformation and phagocyte motility.
What does hypothermia cause? - Answer Nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and
cell death.
