BIO WGU OA C190 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
SOLUTIONS
⩥ Sister Chromatid -. Answer: One of two identical copies of a
chromosome duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle. A
centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined
together, sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are
separated from each other during mitosis or meiosis II.
⩥ Citric acid cycle-. Answer: The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular
respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon
molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing
ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
⩥ climate change-. Answer: It is the full range of climatic disruptions
that have occurred as a probable result of human alteration of the
atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—and
weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology
use.
⩥ Codominance-. Answer: A form of dominance where both alleles of a
gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring
with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A typical
example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.
,⩥ Codons-. Answer: A sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA
molecule that specifies which amino acid should be added to a growing
polypeptide chain.
⩥ Commensalism-. Answer: A symbiotic relationship in which one
species benefits and the other does not, but also is not harmed.
⩥ Competition-. Answer: A type of interspecific interaction where both
species are harmed.
⩥ complementary base pairing-. Answer: Describes the hydrogen
bonding that occurs between specific nucleotides on opposing strands of
DNA or RNA. In DNA, adenine is paired with thymine, and guanine is
paired with cytosine. When RNA is made from DNA, adenine is paired
with uracil, and guanine is paired with cytosine.
⩥ Consumers-. Answer: An organism that must eat or absorb complex
food molecules derived from the bodies of other organisms. Consumers
get their energy and nutrients from such food molecules. Humans and
other animals are consumers, as are fungi and most bacteria.
⩥ covalent bonds-. Answer: Covalent bonds represent the sharing of the
electrons (negatively charged subatomic particles between atoms). The
number of covalent bonds that can form is dictated by the number of
unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom.
,⩥ Cytoplasm-. Answer: The substance that fills the inside contents of a
cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Contains a
semifluid medium, composed mainly of water, and organelles
(organelles are present only if it is a eukaryotic cell).
⩥ Cytoskeleton-. Answer: A eukaryotic cell structure formed by a series
of protein filaments. The cytoskeleton is a scaffold for the cell structure
and a framework for many cellular activities, including movement and
cell division.
⩥ Decomposer-. Answer: Bacteria and fungi that colonize dead material
and absorb food molecules from it.
⩥ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-. Answer: A nucleic acid polymer that
contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. DNA is
composed of two strands of nucleotides that are intertwined in a double
helix.
⩥ Detritivores-. Answer: Animals that feed on dead organic matter.
Some detritivores specialize on eating dead animals (e.g., vultures) and
others feed on dead plant material (e.g., earthworms).
⩥ Disaccharide-. Answer: A carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides
linked together by a covalent bond. Two common disaccharides are
, sucrose and lactose. glucose + fructose = Sucrose (table sugar) glucose +
galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
⩥ DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid-. Answer: The nucleic acid that contains
genetic instructions for making RNA and, ultimately, proteins in all
living organisms. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides,
which are intertwined in a double helix.
⩥ Ecology-. Answer: The branch of biology that deals with the relations
of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
⩥ ecosystem diversity-. Answer: The variety of distinct ecosystem types
(habitats) within a region. In some places a wide array of habitats can
form a diverse patchwork of life.
⩥ electron transport chain-. Answer: The last stage of aerobic cellular
respiration where the NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit
their electrons. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released
and used to move protons across the mitochondrial membrane to form
ATP. At the end of this process, oxygen acts as the final electron
acceptor to form water.
⩥ Electronegativity-. Answer: The tendancy of an atom to hold shared
electrons more close to its nucleus. Atoms like oxygen have a high
electronegativity. This means when oxygen forms a covalent bond with
an atom of lower electronegativity, the shared electrons will stay closer
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
SOLUTIONS
⩥ Sister Chromatid -. Answer: One of two identical copies of a
chromosome duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle. A
centromere connects two sister chromatids together. When joined
together, sister chromatids compose one chromosome. Chromatids are
separated from each other during mitosis or meiosis II.
⩥ Citric acid cycle-. Answer: The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular
respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon
molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing
ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
⩥ climate change-. Answer: It is the full range of climatic disruptions
that have occurred as a probable result of human alteration of the
atmosphere. In other words, it is recent climate warming—and
weirdness—that is probably caused by human activities and technology
use.
⩥ Codominance-. Answer: A form of dominance where both alleles of a
gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring
with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A typical
example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.
,⩥ Codons-. Answer: A sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA
molecule that specifies which amino acid should be added to a growing
polypeptide chain.
⩥ Commensalism-. Answer: A symbiotic relationship in which one
species benefits and the other does not, but also is not harmed.
⩥ Competition-. Answer: A type of interspecific interaction where both
species are harmed.
⩥ complementary base pairing-. Answer: Describes the hydrogen
bonding that occurs between specific nucleotides on opposing strands of
DNA or RNA. In DNA, adenine is paired with thymine, and guanine is
paired with cytosine. When RNA is made from DNA, adenine is paired
with uracil, and guanine is paired with cytosine.
⩥ Consumers-. Answer: An organism that must eat or absorb complex
food molecules derived from the bodies of other organisms. Consumers
get their energy and nutrients from such food molecules. Humans and
other animals are consumers, as are fungi and most bacteria.
⩥ covalent bonds-. Answer: Covalent bonds represent the sharing of the
electrons (negatively charged subatomic particles between atoms). The
number of covalent bonds that can form is dictated by the number of
unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom.
,⩥ Cytoplasm-. Answer: The substance that fills the inside contents of a
cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Contains a
semifluid medium, composed mainly of water, and organelles
(organelles are present only if it is a eukaryotic cell).
⩥ Cytoskeleton-. Answer: A eukaryotic cell structure formed by a series
of protein filaments. The cytoskeleton is a scaffold for the cell structure
and a framework for many cellular activities, including movement and
cell division.
⩥ Decomposer-. Answer: Bacteria and fungi that colonize dead material
and absorb food molecules from it.
⩥ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-. Answer: A nucleic acid polymer that
contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. DNA is
composed of two strands of nucleotides that are intertwined in a double
helix.
⩥ Detritivores-. Answer: Animals that feed on dead organic matter.
Some detritivores specialize on eating dead animals (e.g., vultures) and
others feed on dead plant material (e.g., earthworms).
⩥ Disaccharide-. Answer: A carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides
linked together by a covalent bond. Two common disaccharides are
, sucrose and lactose. glucose + fructose = Sucrose (table sugar) glucose +
galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
⩥ DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid-. Answer: The nucleic acid that contains
genetic instructions for making RNA and, ultimately, proteins in all
living organisms. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides,
which are intertwined in a double helix.
⩥ Ecology-. Answer: The branch of biology that deals with the relations
of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
⩥ ecosystem diversity-. Answer: The variety of distinct ecosystem types
(habitats) within a region. In some places a wide array of habitats can
form a diverse patchwork of life.
⩥ electron transport chain-. Answer: The last stage of aerobic cellular
respiration where the NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit
their electrons. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released
and used to move protons across the mitochondrial membrane to form
ATP. At the end of this process, oxygen acts as the final electron
acceptor to form water.
⩥ Electronegativity-. Answer: The tendancy of an atom to hold shared
electrons more close to its nucleus. Atoms like oxygen have a high
electronegativity. This means when oxygen forms a covalent bond with
an atom of lower electronegativity, the shared electrons will stay closer
