HESI Advanced Patho 2 exam with
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answers
Shellfish poisoning - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A type of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
noninfectious foodborne illness caused by the |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
consumption of particular types of contaminated fish and |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
shellfish
Severity of symptoms depends of what toxin is affected,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
need to seek medical attention immediately, severe
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cases can be fatal, can be contaminated during or after
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
algae blooms |\
○ Include mussels, oysters, clams, scallops, cockles,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
abalone, whelks, moon snails, Dungeness crab, shrimp
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and lobsters
|\
Shellfish poisoning S&S/Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Usually 30-60 mins after eating contaminated |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
shellfish; Numbness and tingling, HA, Nausea, Vomiting,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Diarrhea, Confusion |\
Avoid shellfish in low income country or unsure of the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
water quality or in areas that recently had an algae bloom
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
otherwise known as "red tide" or "brown tide"
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,Ciguatera poisoning - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A condition
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
caused by marine toxins produced by dinoflagellates
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(microscopic sea organisms) |\ |\
-Eating fish that's been contaminated by toxins found by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tiny algae found around coral reefs; toxin does not alter
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
appearance, taste or smell. It is also not destroyed after |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cooking
○ Fish typically affected: Barracuda, moray eel, grouper,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
amberjack, sea bass, sturgeon, parrot fish, surgeonfish, |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and red snapper
|\ |\
Ciguatera poisoning S&S - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔○ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Usually develop after 3-6 hours but sometimes after 30
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
hours, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, tingling,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tooth pain or feeling as if teeth are loose, itching,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
metallic taste in the mouth, blurred vision, increased
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sensitivity to hot and cold |\ |\ |\ |\
○ Prevention: Avoid or limit eating fresh reef fish,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
especially the liver, intestines, eggs or head because the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
toxin is highly concentrated.
|\ |\ |\
○ Note: Symptoms typically last a few days but can have
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
lingering effects for months. Symptomatic treatment.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, Patients typically should avoid fish, nuts, alcohol and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
caffeine for 6 months to prevent symptoms from
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
returning.
Scombroid poisoning - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Caused by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
consumption of dark-meat fish (e.g., bonito, mackerel,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
mahi-mahi, tuna) improperly stored at warm temperature.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\
-Bacterial histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
histamine. Histamine is not degraded by cooking.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Symptoms
Acute-onset burning sensation of the mouth, flushing of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
face, erythema, urticaria, palpitations, blurred vision,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cramps, diarrhea, pruritus, headache. May cause
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
anaphylaxis-like presentation (i.e., bronchospasm, |\ |\ |\ |\
angioedema, hypotension). |\
-Frequently misdiagnosed as allergy to fish.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
-Treat supportively with antihistamines; if needed,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
antianaphylaxis (e.g., bronchodilators, epinephrine). |\ |\ |\
Foodborne illness - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Illness caused
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
by the consumption of food or water contaminated with
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bacteria and/or their toxins, or with parasites, viruses, or
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
chemicals
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
answers
Shellfish poisoning - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A type of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
noninfectious foodborne illness caused by the |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
consumption of particular types of contaminated fish and |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
shellfish
Severity of symptoms depends of what toxin is affected,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
need to seek medical attention immediately, severe
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cases can be fatal, can be contaminated during or after
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
algae blooms |\
○ Include mussels, oysters, clams, scallops, cockles,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
abalone, whelks, moon snails, Dungeness crab, shrimp
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and lobsters
|\
Shellfish poisoning S&S/Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Usually 30-60 mins after eating contaminated |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
shellfish; Numbness and tingling, HA, Nausea, Vomiting,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Diarrhea, Confusion |\
Avoid shellfish in low income country or unsure of the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
water quality or in areas that recently had an algae bloom
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
otherwise known as "red tide" or "brown tide"
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,Ciguatera poisoning - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A condition
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
caused by marine toxins produced by dinoflagellates
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(microscopic sea organisms) |\ |\
-Eating fish that's been contaminated by toxins found by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tiny algae found around coral reefs; toxin does not alter
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
appearance, taste or smell. It is also not destroyed after |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cooking
○ Fish typically affected: Barracuda, moray eel, grouper,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
amberjack, sea bass, sturgeon, parrot fish, surgeonfish, |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and red snapper
|\ |\
Ciguatera poisoning S&S - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔○ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Usually develop after 3-6 hours but sometimes after 30
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
hours, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, tingling,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tooth pain or feeling as if teeth are loose, itching,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
metallic taste in the mouth, blurred vision, increased
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sensitivity to hot and cold |\ |\ |\ |\
○ Prevention: Avoid or limit eating fresh reef fish,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
especially the liver, intestines, eggs or head because the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
toxin is highly concentrated.
|\ |\ |\
○ Note: Symptoms typically last a few days but can have
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
lingering effects for months. Symptomatic treatment.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, Patients typically should avoid fish, nuts, alcohol and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
caffeine for 6 months to prevent symptoms from
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
returning.
Scombroid poisoning - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-Caused by
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
consumption of dark-meat fish (e.g., bonito, mackerel,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
mahi-mahi, tuna) improperly stored at warm temperature.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\
-Bacterial histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
histamine. Histamine is not degraded by cooking.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Symptoms
Acute-onset burning sensation of the mouth, flushing of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
face, erythema, urticaria, palpitations, blurred vision,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
cramps, diarrhea, pruritus, headache. May cause
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
anaphylaxis-like presentation (i.e., bronchospasm, |\ |\ |\ |\
angioedema, hypotension). |\
-Frequently misdiagnosed as allergy to fish.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
-Treat supportively with antihistamines; if needed,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
antianaphylaxis (e.g., bronchodilators, epinephrine). |\ |\ |\
Foodborne illness - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Illness caused
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
by the consumption of food or water contaminated with
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
bacteria and/or their toxins, or with parasites, viruses, or
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
chemicals
