NSG 3800 Exam 3 Study Guide:
Renal & Gastrointestinal Disorders
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## Renal Laboratory Values
**BUN:** 10–20 mg/dL
**Creatinine:** 0.6–1.1 mg/dL
**RBC:** 4.2–6.1
**HGB:** 12–16 (F), 14–18 (M)
**HCT:** 37–47 (F), 42–52 (M)
**GFR:** Normal ≥ 90 mL/min
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## Urinary Incontinence
### Prevention
* Avoid caffeine, carbonation, alcohol, and artificial sweeteners
* Consume adequate fluids in small increments
* Establish a voiding schedule
* Perform pelvic floor exercises
* Void every 2–3 hours
### Nursing Care
* Provide support and education (verbal and written)
* Use a log or diary to track incontinent events
### Causes of Transient Incontinence
* Atrophic vaginitis, urethritis, prostatitis
* Delirium or confusion
* UTI
, * Excessive urine production (diabetes, DKA, increased intake)
* Limited mobility
* Medications (anticholinergics, sedatives, alcohol, analgesics, diuretics, muscle
relaxants, adrenergic agents)
* Psychological factors (depression, regression)
* Stool impaction or constipation
### Fluid Management
* Adequate intake: 50–60 oz/day (1500–1600 mL)
* Limit caffeine and alcohol
* Discuss limits with provider if HF or end-stage kidney disease
### Is Incontinence Normal with Aging?
**No!** Assess for UTI, infection, constipation, decreased fluid intake, and changes
in chronic disease patterns.
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## Types of Incontinence
### Stress Incontinence
* Involuntary loss of urine with sneezing, coughing, or position change
* Common in women after vaginal delivery or gynecologic procedures
* In men, often after radical prostatectomy
### Urge Incontinence
* Involuntary loss of urine with strong urge
* Patient cannot reach toilet in time
* Common with neurological dysfunction
### Functional Incontinence
* Lower urinary tract intact but cognitive or physical impairments prevent timely
toileting
### Iatrogenic Incontinence
* Due to medications (e.g., alpha-adrenergic agents like clonidine)
---
## Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
Renal & Gastrointestinal Disorders
---
## Renal Laboratory Values
**BUN:** 10–20 mg/dL
**Creatinine:** 0.6–1.1 mg/dL
**RBC:** 4.2–6.1
**HGB:** 12–16 (F), 14–18 (M)
**HCT:** 37–47 (F), 42–52 (M)
**GFR:** Normal ≥ 90 mL/min
---
## Urinary Incontinence
### Prevention
* Avoid caffeine, carbonation, alcohol, and artificial sweeteners
* Consume adequate fluids in small increments
* Establish a voiding schedule
* Perform pelvic floor exercises
* Void every 2–3 hours
### Nursing Care
* Provide support and education (verbal and written)
* Use a log or diary to track incontinent events
### Causes of Transient Incontinence
* Atrophic vaginitis, urethritis, prostatitis
* Delirium or confusion
* UTI
, * Excessive urine production (diabetes, DKA, increased intake)
* Limited mobility
* Medications (anticholinergics, sedatives, alcohol, analgesics, diuretics, muscle
relaxants, adrenergic agents)
* Psychological factors (depression, regression)
* Stool impaction or constipation
### Fluid Management
* Adequate intake: 50–60 oz/day (1500–1600 mL)
* Limit caffeine and alcohol
* Discuss limits with provider if HF or end-stage kidney disease
### Is Incontinence Normal with Aging?
**No!** Assess for UTI, infection, constipation, decreased fluid intake, and changes
in chronic disease patterns.
---
## Types of Incontinence
### Stress Incontinence
* Involuntary loss of urine with sneezing, coughing, or position change
* Common in women after vaginal delivery or gynecologic procedures
* In men, often after radical prostatectomy
### Urge Incontinence
* Involuntary loss of urine with strong urge
* Patient cannot reach toilet in time
* Common with neurological dysfunction
### Functional Incontinence
* Lower urinary tract intact but cognitive or physical impairments prevent timely
toileting
### Iatrogenic Incontinence
* Due to medications (e.g., alpha-adrenergic agents like clonidine)
---
## Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
