1
BIOL251 / BIOL 251 Module & Lab
7: (Latest Update )
Human Anatomy & Physiology I
with Lab | Questions & Answers |
Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage
Learning
Question 1 — Tissue Types
Which primary tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
A. Nervous tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Connective tissue
Correct Answer: B. Epithelial tissue
Explanation:
Epithelial tissue forms the coverings and linings of organs, body surfaces, and body cavities. It
serves protective, absorptive, secretory, and sensory functions. It is avascular (lacks blood
vessels) and typically receives nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue.
Question 2 — Integument Structure
Which layer of the epidermis contains cells that are actively dividing and producing new
keratinocytes?
A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum lucidum
C. Stratum granulosum
D. Stratum basale
Correct Answer: D. Stratum basale
, 2
Explanation:
The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It contains stem cells that divide
continuously to form new keratinocytes. As they are produced, these cells migrate upward
through the epidermal layers, becoming more keratinized as they approach the surface.
Question 3 — Skin Accessory Structures
Which of the following is an accessory structure of the skin that aids in temperature regulation?
A. Sebaceous glands
B. Hair follicles
C. Sweat glands
D. Pacinian corpuscles
Correct Answer: C. Sweat glands
Explanation:
Sweat glands are integumentary accessory structures that help regulate body temperature through
evaporation of sweat. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair; hair follicles
provide protection and sensory input; Pacinian corpuscles are pressure receptors located in the
dermis/subcutaneous tissue.
Question 4 — Connective Tissue Features
Which of the following best describes ground substance in connective tissue?
A. Living cells that divide and repair tissue
B. Insoluble protein fibers
C. Fluid or semisolid matrix that surrounds cells and fibers
D. Layered sheets of tightly joined cells
Correct Answer: C. Fluid or semisolid matrix that surrounds cells and fibers
Explanation:
Ground substance is the amorphous, gel-like material in the extracellular matrix of connective
tissue. It exists between cells and fibers and helps support, bind, and regulate the movement of
substances through the tissue. Fibers (e.g., collagen, elastic) provide strength and elasticity, while
cells perform specific functions.
Question 5 — Histology Identification
, 3
Under the microscope, you observe cells with a single layer of tall, closely packed cells with
nuclei aligned in a row. What tissue type is this?
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Stratified columnar epithelium
Correct Answer: C. Simple columnar epithelium
Explanation:
Simple columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, column-like cells with nuclei
typically aligned near the basal region. This type is often found lining the digestive tract and
specialized for absorption and secretion. It differs from squamous (flat) and cuboidal (cube-
shaped) epithelium.
Question 6 — Integument Function
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the integumentary system?
A. Protection from environmental hazards
B. Synthesis of vitamin D
C. Transmission of nerve impulses to muscles
D. Regulation of body temperature
Correct Answer: C. Transmission of nerve impulses to muscles
Explanation:
While the integumentary system contains sensory receptors that detect stimuli, it does not
transmit motor nerve impulses to muscles. Its primary roles include protecting internal tissues,
synthesizing vitamin D, regulating temperature (via sweat and blood flow), and housing sensory
receptors.
Question 7 — Tissue Repair
During tissue repair, which phase involves the growth of new blood vessels into the wound?
A. Inflammation
B. Proliferation
C. Maturation
D. Hemostasis
, 4
Correct Answer: B. Proliferation
Explanation:
The proliferation phase of tissue healing is characterized by the formation of new tissue,
including angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels), collagen deposition, and
epithelialization. This phase follows inflammation and precedes maturation (remodeling) of the
tissue.
Question 8 — Skin Pigmentation
Melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, is produced by which type of cell?
A. Keratinocytes
B. Melanocytes
C. Langerhans cells
D. Merkel cells
Correct Answer: B. Melanocytes
Explanation:
Melanocytes are specialized cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis that synthesize melanin.
Melanin is packaged into melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes, where it contributes to
skin color and protects against ultraviolet radiation.
Question 9 — Tissue Types and Locations
Which type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones and provides smooth surfaces for joint
movement?
A. Fibrocartilage
B. Elastic cartilage
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Bone
Correct Answer: C. Hyaline cartilage
Explanation:
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body. It provides smooth surfaces
at articulations (joints), supports respiratory structures, and forms the embryonic skeleton. Its
matrix is rich in collagen fibers and appears glassy under the microscope.
BIOL251 / BIOL 251 Module & Lab
7: (Latest Update )
Human Anatomy & Physiology I
with Lab | Questions & Answers |
Grade A | 100% Correct - Portage
Learning
Question 1 — Tissue Types
Which primary tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?
A. Nervous tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Connective tissue
Correct Answer: B. Epithelial tissue
Explanation:
Epithelial tissue forms the coverings and linings of organs, body surfaces, and body cavities. It
serves protective, absorptive, secretory, and sensory functions. It is avascular (lacks blood
vessels) and typically receives nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue.
Question 2 — Integument Structure
Which layer of the epidermis contains cells that are actively dividing and producing new
keratinocytes?
A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum lucidum
C. Stratum granulosum
D. Stratum basale
Correct Answer: D. Stratum basale
, 2
Explanation:
The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It contains stem cells that divide
continuously to form new keratinocytes. As they are produced, these cells migrate upward
through the epidermal layers, becoming more keratinized as they approach the surface.
Question 3 — Skin Accessory Structures
Which of the following is an accessory structure of the skin that aids in temperature regulation?
A. Sebaceous glands
B. Hair follicles
C. Sweat glands
D. Pacinian corpuscles
Correct Answer: C. Sweat glands
Explanation:
Sweat glands are integumentary accessory structures that help regulate body temperature through
evaporation of sweat. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair; hair follicles
provide protection and sensory input; Pacinian corpuscles are pressure receptors located in the
dermis/subcutaneous tissue.
Question 4 — Connective Tissue Features
Which of the following best describes ground substance in connective tissue?
A. Living cells that divide and repair tissue
B. Insoluble protein fibers
C. Fluid or semisolid matrix that surrounds cells and fibers
D. Layered sheets of tightly joined cells
Correct Answer: C. Fluid or semisolid matrix that surrounds cells and fibers
Explanation:
Ground substance is the amorphous, gel-like material in the extracellular matrix of connective
tissue. It exists between cells and fibers and helps support, bind, and regulate the movement of
substances through the tissue. Fibers (e.g., collagen, elastic) provide strength and elasticity, while
cells perform specific functions.
Question 5 — Histology Identification
, 3
Under the microscope, you observe cells with a single layer of tall, closely packed cells with
nuclei aligned in a row. What tissue type is this?
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
D. Stratified columnar epithelium
Correct Answer: C. Simple columnar epithelium
Explanation:
Simple columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, column-like cells with nuclei
typically aligned near the basal region. This type is often found lining the digestive tract and
specialized for absorption and secretion. It differs from squamous (flat) and cuboidal (cube-
shaped) epithelium.
Question 6 — Integument Function
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the integumentary system?
A. Protection from environmental hazards
B. Synthesis of vitamin D
C. Transmission of nerve impulses to muscles
D. Regulation of body temperature
Correct Answer: C. Transmission of nerve impulses to muscles
Explanation:
While the integumentary system contains sensory receptors that detect stimuli, it does not
transmit motor nerve impulses to muscles. Its primary roles include protecting internal tissues,
synthesizing vitamin D, regulating temperature (via sweat and blood flow), and housing sensory
receptors.
Question 7 — Tissue Repair
During tissue repair, which phase involves the growth of new blood vessels into the wound?
A. Inflammation
B. Proliferation
C. Maturation
D. Hemostasis
, 4
Correct Answer: B. Proliferation
Explanation:
The proliferation phase of tissue healing is characterized by the formation of new tissue,
including angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels), collagen deposition, and
epithelialization. This phase follows inflammation and precedes maturation (remodeling) of the
tissue.
Question 8 — Skin Pigmentation
Melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, is produced by which type of cell?
A. Keratinocytes
B. Melanocytes
C. Langerhans cells
D. Merkel cells
Correct Answer: B. Melanocytes
Explanation:
Melanocytes are specialized cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis that synthesize melanin.
Melanin is packaged into melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes, where it contributes to
skin color and protects against ultraviolet radiation.
Question 9 — Tissue Types and Locations
Which type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones and provides smooth surfaces for joint
movement?
A. Fibrocartilage
B. Elastic cartilage
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Bone
Correct Answer: C. Hyaline cartilage
Explanation:
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body. It provides smooth surfaces
at articulations (joints), supports respiratory structures, and forms the embryonic skeleton. Its
matrix is rich in collagen fibers and appears glassy under the microscope.
