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Nagelhout Pharm 2 (NAP8266) | 180 Final Exam Questions on Neuromuscular Blockers, Local Anesthetics, LAST & Autonomic Drugs

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Subido en
19-01-2026
Escrito en
2025/2026

This comprehensive document includes 180 thoroughly verified final exam questions and answers for Pharmacology II (NAP8266), based on Nagelhout’s curriculum and designed for the 2026 final examination. It serves as a high-yield review of advanced anesthetic pharmacology, integrating both foundational and clinical applications across multiple drug classes used in anesthesia. Key areas covered include: Neuromuscular blockers (NMBs): classification, metabolism, duration, reversal, and detailed comparisons of succinylcholine, pancuronium, vecuronium, rocuronium, atracurium, cisatracurium, and more Reversal agents: dosing, onset, duration, side effects, and special considerations for neostigmine, sugammadex, edrophonium, and pairing with anticholinergics Neuromuscular monitoring: techniques like TOF, DBS, tetanus, PTC, and interpreting blockade depth and recovery Pseudocholinesterase deficiency: dibucaine number interpretation, clinical consequences, enzyme activity patterns Local anesthetics (LAs): esters vs. amides, metabolism, onset, duration, structure-activity relationships, max doses, pKa, lipid solubility, protein binding, and CNS/cardiac toxicity Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST): recognition, prevention, ACLS modifications, and treatment with lipid emulsion therapy Autonomic pharmacology: sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, adrenergic and cholinergic receptor actions, second messenger systems, catecholamine synthesis and metabolism Drug mechanisms, clinical signs of toxicity, contraindications, pharmacogenetic influences, and emergency interventions This resource is ideal for: CRNA students preparing for comprehensive finals or boards PharmD students focused on anesthetic and cardiovascular pharmacology Medical students studying anesthesiology, critical care, or emergency pharmacology APRN students in advanced pharmacology or anesthesia clinicals Well-structured and formatted for rapid learning and clinical retention, this document is an essential tool for anyone pursuing advanced training in anesthesia-related pharmacology. Keywords: Nagelhout, pharmacology, neuromuscular blockers, succinylcholine, pancuronium, rocuronium, vecuronium, cisatracurium, sugammadex, neostigmine, train of four, local anesthetics, amides, esters, LAST, toxicity, lipid rescue, dibucaine number, sympathetic, adrenergic, cholinergic, CRNA, anesthesia, APRN, exam questions, board prep

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Nagelhout Pharm 2 Final 2026 Exam
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Ultra short acting Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker


(Length of duration) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Succinylcholine


(5 - 15 minutes)

Short Acting Nondepolarizing NMBs


(Length of duration) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mivacurium


(20-30 minutes)

Intermediate Acting Nondepolarizing NMBs (4)

,(Length of duration) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Atracurium


Cisatracurium

Vecuronium

Rocuromium

(30-60 minutes)

Long Acting Nondepolarizing NMB


(Length of duration) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Pancuronium


(60-90 minutes)


NMB Reversal Agents (3) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Neostigmine


Edrophonium

Sugammadex


NMBs work at ____ receptors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Nicotinic Cholinergic (sub-

m)

Nicotinic Cholinergic (sub-m) use positive or negative feedback? - 🧠

ANSWER ✔✔Positive feedback. This explains fade with NDMBs.


Neurotransmitter of the NM junction - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔acetylcholine

,Breaks down acetylcholine at the NM synapse/junction - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔acetylcholinesterase


Phase 2, Non-depolarizing agents are: agonists or antagonists - 🧠

ANSWER ✔✔Antagonist


Phase 1, Depolarizing agents act as: agonist or antagonist?? - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔Agonist then antagonist


Train of Four Ratio - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Strength of 4th twitch:Strength of 1st

twitch (when it is 90% patient considered recovered)


Best nerve/muscle to measure onset of NMB - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Facial Nerve


Orbicularis Oculi (Corrugator supercilii = best)

(reflects diaphragm blockade)

(negative-black electrode over nerve)

Best nerve/muscle to measure emergence from NMB - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔Ulnar Nerve


Adductor Pollicis

Measures thumb adduction (Red proximal)



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3

, Single Twitch Test - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1.0 Hz


Single stimulus

Compares pre (baseline) and post NMB hand twitch


Train of Four Test - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔4 - 2 Hz twitches


Compares 4th twitch to 1st twitch (fade)

Reflects 70-100% blockade

*Succ has no fade, all 4 twitches equal*


Double Burst Simulation (DBS) Test - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔2 - 50 Hz twitches


0.75 seconds apart

Compares 2 twitches to monitor for fade


Tetanus Test - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔100 Hz twitch for 5 seconds


Painful


Posttetanic Count Test - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔50 Hz stimulus for 5 sec → 3 sec

pause → 1 Hz single twitch every second

Only used when patient is 100% paralyzed

0 = call for ventilator (>9 minutes til TOF)

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Subido en
19 de enero de 2026
Número de páginas
76
Escrito en
2025/2026
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