Psychology Final Exam Study Guide Chapters 1 – 15 Questions And Verified Answers With Complete Solutions.

Psychology - correct answers the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Wundt - correct answers father of psychology Freud, Psychoanalysis - correct answers A perspective in psychology created by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious mental activity and the long lasting influence of childhood experiences Behaviorism vs Humanism - correct answers Behaviorism is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes while Humanism is a perspective in psychology that emphasizes the notion that human nature is generally good and people are naturally motivated to grow toward their own potential. Biological/Neuroscience - correct answersA perspective in psychology that emphasizes the link between behavior and the biological functioning of the brain Cognitive Psychology - correct answersA perspective in psychology that emphasizes processes such as thinking, language, attention, memory, and intelligence Positive Psychology - correct answersA perspective in psychology that emphasizes people's strengths and successes Multiculturalism - correct answersA psychological perspective that emphasizes the influences of culture on behavior and mental processes. Sociocultural - correct answerscombining social and cultural factors evolutionary psychology - correct answersA psychological perspective that emphasizes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as an influence on behavior Biopyschosocial - correct answersA uniquely comprehensive psychological perspective that emphasizes biological, psychological, and social factors as influences on behavior Scientific Method - correct answersA way of asking and answering questions that follows a predetermined series of steps: posing a question, conducting a literature review, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by collecting data, analyzing the data and drawing conclusions Hypothesis - correct answersA prediction that can be tested Theory - correct answersproposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and experimental results random assignment - correct answersA procedure in experimental research by which the assignment of participants into either the experimental or control group happens entirely by chance Experiment - correct answersManipulating one variable and measuring how another variable responds independent variable - correct answersvariable that is manipulated by the researcher dependent variable - correct answersA variable that is expected to depend upon the independent variable Experimental Group - correct answersThe group of participants who receive the treatment that is the focus of the study Control Group - correct answersThe group of participants who do not receive the treatment that is the focus of the study Case Study - correct answersWhen a small number of psychologists conduct research in which the sample consists of just one person (or very small group) studied in great depth naturalistic observation - correct answersWhen the psychologist collects data from participants by visiting them in the real world location where their behavior happens naturally Surveys - correct answersA set of questions addressed to a group of people about their behavior or attitudes Correlation - Causation fallacy - correct answersThe mistaken belief that when two variables correlate strongly with each other, one must cause the other positive correlation - correct answerswhen one variable increases, so does the other negative correlation - correct answersas one variable increases, the other decreases zero correlation - correct answersno correlation Neurons - correct answersThe cells that facilitate communication with the nervous system Dendrites - correct answersBranches at the end of neurons that receive signals from other neurons cell body (soma) - correct answersThe large central region of a neuron that performs the basic activities, including the production of energy to keep the neuron functional Axon - correct answersThe part of the neuron that carries information toward other neurons myelin sheath - correct answersA protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon Synapse - correct answersa gap between connecting neurons action potential - correct answersThe release, or firing, of an electrical impulse that travels through the axon Neurotransmitters - correct answerschemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next Flow order through the neuron - correct answersthe signal shoots through the axon into the axon terminal and travels to a dendrite on the next axon nervous system - correct answersThe full set of nerves that connect your brain with all the other parts of your body central nervous system - correct answersThe core of the nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) peripheral nervous system - correct answersthe neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body somatic nervous system - correct answersthe part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of the body you control voluntarily autonomic nervous system - correct answersthe part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of the body that operate involuntarily sympathetic nervous system - correct answersThe part of your autonomic nervous system that revs your body up in response to stressors parasympathetic nervous system - correct answersthe part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body down when stressors decrease Plasticity - correct answersThe ability of the brain to adapt its structure or function in response to damage or experience Brainstem - correct answersThe part of the brain that connects to the spine and controls the functions most essential to staying alive Cerebellum - correct answersThe part of the brain near the bottom and back primarily involved in balance and the coordination of movement, looks like califlower Medulla - correct answersthe base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing limbic system - correct answersA cluster of brain areas involved primarily in emotion Hypothalamus - correct answersThe part of the limbic system involved in maintaining steadiness in bodily function - maintains homeostasis, involved in emotion, stress, reward, eating, drinking, sexual behavior Hippocampus - correct answersA neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. Amygdala - correct answersThe part of the limbic system involved most directly in emotion, especially fear, shaped like an almond, on both sides of the brain Thalamus - correct answersThe brain's main sensory processing center, located near the center of the brain, can be related to air traffic controller or switchboard operator cerebral cortex - correct answersouter layer of the cerebrum where sensory information is processed left hemisphere - correct answersdominant for language tasks (eg reading) and math, emphasizes tasks that are more logical and detail oriented, controls the right side of the body right hemisphere - correct answerscontrols the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial occipital lobe - correct answersThe lower back part of the brain involved in vision parietal lobe - correct answersThe part of the brain near the top and back of the head involved in touch and perception temporal lobe - correct answersThe lower middle part of the brain, involved in hearing and speech production frontal lobe - correct answersThe part of the cerebral cortex right behind the forehead, which is involved in complex thinking tasks, planning, purposeful actions, and other advanced functions motor cortex - correct answersThe strip of brain matter near the back of the frontal lobe involved in voluntary movements somatosensory cortex - correct answersA strip of brain near the front of the parietal lobe involved in receiving information from the senses. Psychotherapy - correct answersa nonmedical process involving a trained professional that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems The therapeutic alliance - correct answersThe relationship between therapist and client working toward shared goals Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist - correct answersPsychiatrist can prescribe medicine. Psychologists do psychotherapy Psychodynamic Theory (Freud) - correct answersGoal is to help individual gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems. person-centered therapy (Rogers) - correct answerspeople are encouraged toward self-understanding and personal growth behavior therapies - correct answersuse principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior cognitive therapies - correct answerstype of therapy that emphasizes that cognitions (thoughts) are the main source of psychological problems cognitive behavioral therapy - correct answerscombines cognitive and behavioral therapies with the goal of developing the individual's self-efficacy integrative approach - correct answersThe psychotherapist blends techniques to create a new form of psychotherapy eclectic approach - correct answerspsychotherapist selects the treatment for a particular client based on evidence from studies of similar clients biological/biomedical therapies - correct answersreduce/eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning. Drug therapy (psychopharmacology/medications) - correct answersTreatment of psychological disorders with medications Antianxiety (tranquilizers) - correct answersreduce anxiety by making individuals calmer and less excitable (Xanax, Valium, Librium, Ativan) Antidepressant - correct answersregulate mood (Elavil, Avanza, Nardil, Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Wellbutrin) Mood Stabilizing - correct answerslessens highs and lows of bipolar disorder (Lithium) Antipsychotic - correct answersReduces the symptoms of schizophrenia... hallucinations, delusions (Abiligy, Risperdal, Haldol, Zyprexa) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) or (shock therapy) - correct answersinduces a mild seizure that disrupts severe depression for some people Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - correct answerstreatment for depression in which weak electric current repeatedly pulses through a paddle shaped magnetic coil outside the person's head evidence-based practice - correct answersan approach to psychotherapy in which the therapist makes decisions based on a combination of three factors, research evidence, therapist expertise, and client characteristics abnormal behavior - correct answersBehavior that is: - deviant (atypical) - maladaptive (dysfunctional) - personally distressing (despair) DSM-5 - correct answersthe American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. ADHD - correct answersA disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - correct answersA disorder that is characterized by significant deficits in social interaction and rigid, repetitive behavior patterns anxiety disorders - correct answersDisorders characterized by uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive. Behaviors may include: - Motor Tension - Hyperactivity - Apprehensive expectations and thoughts generalized anxiety disorder - correct answersA disorder involving anxiety symptoms that persist for a long time across a wide range of situations and activities panic disorder - correct answersAn anxiety disorder characterized by sudden intense, unpredictable brief bursts of anxiety. Phobias - correct answersirrational fears of specific objects or situations obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - correct answersA disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and uncontrollable actions done in response to those thoughts Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - correct answersA depressive disorder in which a person experiences at least 2 weeks of depressed mood and a loss of interest in most activities bipolar disorder - correct answersA psychological disorder characterized by alternating between extremely high moods and extremely low moo