HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 100 FINAL PAPER 2026
COMPLETE RESPONSE SET GRADED A+
◉ constriction
decreases
decreased
decreased
decrease. Answer: HIGH blood pressure acts as a stimulus that
causes vaso(constriction/dilation) of afferent arterioles. This
(increases/decreases) blood flow to the glomerulus, causing
(increased/decreased) glomerular capillary blood pressure and
(increased/decreased) net filtration pressure. These effects
(increase/decrease) GFR
◉ dilation
increases
increased
increased
increase. Answer: LOW blood pressure acts as a stimulus that causes
vaso(constriction/dilation) of afferent arterioles. This
(increases/decreases) blood flow to the glomerulus, causing
(increased/decreased) glomerular capillary blood pressure and
(increased/decreased) net filtration pressure. These effects
(increase/decrease) GFR
,◉ Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: Which two pressures
involved in glomerular filtration are NOT subject to control and only
change with disease
◉ glomerular capillary blood
volume of blood. Answer: Normal adjustments in GFR are directly
influenced by changes in ________________ pressure, which are caused
primarily by changes in the __________________ flowing into the
glomerulus
◉ granular cells. Answer: In tubuloglomerular feedback, the smooth
muscles of the afferent arteriole are specialized into ____________
◉ macula densa. Answer: Specialized epithelial cells of the distal
tubule that physically contact the afferent and efferent arteriole are
called the _____________
◉ Granular cells. Answer: Specialized cells in the walls of renal
arterioles that synthesize and release renin
◉ Macula densa. Answer: Specialized epithelial cells of the distal
tubule that physically contact the afferent and efferent arteriole and
,detect changes in salt level of the fluid flowing past. They can release
ATP and adenosine
◉ salt level
salt
ATP
adenosine. Answer: The macula densa cells detect changes in
__________ of the fluid flowing past. Increased _______ in the fluid
causes the macula densa to secrete __________ and __________
◉ Increased. Answer: (Increased/Decreased) salt in the fluid causes
the macula densa to secrete ATP and adenosine
◉ constrict
decreasing
decreasing. Answer: Secretion of ATP and adenosine by macula
densa causes smooth muscles of the adjacent afferent arteriole to
(dilate/constrict), (increasing/decreasing) blood flow into the
glomerulus and (increasing/decreasing) GFR
◉ attenuated
dilate
more
, increased. Answer: If less salt is perceived by the macula densa, ATP
and adenosine release is (attenuated/stimulated), causing the
afferent arteriole to (constrict/dilate). This results in (more/less)
blood entering the glomerulus and (increased/decreased) GFR
◉ dilator
nitric oxide (NO). Answer: Aside from ATP and adenosine, macula
densa can release the vaso(constrictor/dilator) _________, which
overrides ATP and adenosine actions
◉ ATP and adenosine actions are overriden. Answer: What happens
when macula densa release nitric oxide (NO)?
◉ Autoregulatory mechanisms cannot function and GFR will
decrease or increase in direct proportion to changes in mean arterial
pressure. Answer: What happens to autoregulatory mechanisms if
mean arterial pressure is either extremely low or high?
◉ selective. Answer: Tubular reabsorption is a highly ________
process
◉ Reabsorbed: 99%
Secreted: 1%. Answer: Give the % that is reabsorbed and the % that
is excreted in tubular reabsorption of WATER
COMPLETE RESPONSE SET GRADED A+
◉ constriction
decreases
decreased
decreased
decrease. Answer: HIGH blood pressure acts as a stimulus that
causes vaso(constriction/dilation) of afferent arterioles. This
(increases/decreases) blood flow to the glomerulus, causing
(increased/decreased) glomerular capillary blood pressure and
(increased/decreased) net filtration pressure. These effects
(increase/decrease) GFR
◉ dilation
increases
increased
increased
increase. Answer: LOW blood pressure acts as a stimulus that causes
vaso(constriction/dilation) of afferent arterioles. This
(increases/decreases) blood flow to the glomerulus, causing
(increased/decreased) glomerular capillary blood pressure and
(increased/decreased) net filtration pressure. These effects
(increase/decrease) GFR
,◉ Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: Which two pressures
involved in glomerular filtration are NOT subject to control and only
change with disease
◉ glomerular capillary blood
volume of blood. Answer: Normal adjustments in GFR are directly
influenced by changes in ________________ pressure, which are caused
primarily by changes in the __________________ flowing into the
glomerulus
◉ granular cells. Answer: In tubuloglomerular feedback, the smooth
muscles of the afferent arteriole are specialized into ____________
◉ macula densa. Answer: Specialized epithelial cells of the distal
tubule that physically contact the afferent and efferent arteriole are
called the _____________
◉ Granular cells. Answer: Specialized cells in the walls of renal
arterioles that synthesize and release renin
◉ Macula densa. Answer: Specialized epithelial cells of the distal
tubule that physically contact the afferent and efferent arteriole and
,detect changes in salt level of the fluid flowing past. They can release
ATP and adenosine
◉ salt level
salt
ATP
adenosine. Answer: The macula densa cells detect changes in
__________ of the fluid flowing past. Increased _______ in the fluid
causes the macula densa to secrete __________ and __________
◉ Increased. Answer: (Increased/Decreased) salt in the fluid causes
the macula densa to secrete ATP and adenosine
◉ constrict
decreasing
decreasing. Answer: Secretion of ATP and adenosine by macula
densa causes smooth muscles of the adjacent afferent arteriole to
(dilate/constrict), (increasing/decreasing) blood flow into the
glomerulus and (increasing/decreasing) GFR
◉ attenuated
dilate
more
, increased. Answer: If less salt is perceived by the macula densa, ATP
and adenosine release is (attenuated/stimulated), causing the
afferent arteriole to (constrict/dilate). This results in (more/less)
blood entering the glomerulus and (increased/decreased) GFR
◉ dilator
nitric oxide (NO). Answer: Aside from ATP and adenosine, macula
densa can release the vaso(constrictor/dilator) _________, which
overrides ATP and adenosine actions
◉ ATP and adenosine actions are overriden. Answer: What happens
when macula densa release nitric oxide (NO)?
◉ Autoregulatory mechanisms cannot function and GFR will
decrease or increase in direct proportion to changes in mean arterial
pressure. Answer: What happens to autoregulatory mechanisms if
mean arterial pressure is either extremely low or high?
◉ selective. Answer: Tubular reabsorption is a highly ________
process
◉ Reabsorbed: 99%
Secreted: 1%. Answer: Give the % that is reabsorbed and the % that
is excreted in tubular reabsorption of WATER
