NU 545 UNIT 7 | LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
Describe the specific chromosomal abnormality responsible for Down Syndrome -
(ANSWERS)The most well known aneuploidy (those that do not contain a multiple
of 23 chromosomes) in an autosome is trisomy of the 21st chromosome. J. Langdon
Down 1st described the the disease in 1866. Down syndrome is seen in 1 in 800
births. IQ's between 25 and 70. Facial features: low nasal bridge, epicentral folds,
protruding tongue, and flat low set ears. Congenital heart defects in 1/3 to 1/2 of live
born children. Decreased ability to fight respiratory conditions and an increased
susceptibility to leukemia. By age 40 symptoms resembling Alzheimer develop.
97% of Down Syndrome's cases are caused by nondisjunction during the formation
of one of the parent's gametes or during early embryonic development. 3% from
translocations. Risk increases with maternal age.
Causes of mental retardation. - (ANSWERS)Chromosomal abnormalities.
What gene abnormality causes cystic fibrosis? - (ANSWERS)Like autosomal
dominant diseases, those caused by autosomal recessive alleles are rare in
populations, although the number of carriers for recessive diseases can be high. The
most common lethal recessive disease in white children, cystic fibrosis, occurs in
about 1 in 2500 births. Approximately 1 in 25 whites carries one copy of an allele
that can cause cystic fibrosis (see Chapter 36). Because an individual must be
homozygous for a recessive allele to express thedisease, the carriers are
phenotypically normal. Because most recessive alleles are maintained innormal
carriers, they are able to survive in the population from one generation to the next.
As with many autosomal dominant diseases, many autosomal recessive diseases are
characterized by delayed age of onset, incomplete penetrance, and variable
expressivity.
How is a recessive gene inherited? - (ANSWERS)Autosomal recessive diseases
occur when both parents are carriers of the same disease and their child inherits an
altered gene from each of them. Children of carrier parents have:A 25% chance of
, NU 545 UNIT 7 | LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
inheriting two altered genes and developing the disease.
Inheritance of Hemophilia A? - (ANSWERS)Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are
inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. The genes associated with these
conditions are located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex
chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of
the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X
chromosomes), a mutation would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause
the disorder. Because it is unlikely that females will have two altered copies of this
gene, it is very rare for females to have hemophilia. A characteristic of X-linked
inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.
Inheritance of Hemophilia A? - (ANSWERS)In X-linked recessive inheritance, a
female with one altered copy of the gene in each cell is called a carrier. Carrier
females have about half the usual amount of coagulation factor VIII or coagulation
factor IX, which is generally enough for normal blood clotting. However, about 10
percent of carrier females have less than half the normal amount of one of these
coagulation factors; these individuals are at risk for abnormal bleeding, particularly
after an injury, surgery, or tooth extraction.
Risk factors for DM II; why is obesity an important risk factor for DM II? -
(ANSWERS)An important risk factor is TCF7L2 which encodes a transcription
factor involved in the secretion of insulin. Another association has been found
between a common allele of the gene that incomes peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor gamma (PPAR-y), a nuclear receptor that is involved in adipocyte
differentiation and glucose metabolism. This receptor is the target of
thiazolidinediones (TZD's) a class of drugs commonly used to increase insulin
sensitivity in those with type 2 diabetes. The 2 most important risk factors for DM II
are positive family history and obesity; the latter increases insulin resistance.
, NU 545 UNIT 7 | LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
Definition of carcinoma - (ANSWERS)Cancer arising from in epithelial cells
How do cancer cells gain access to the circulation? - (ANSWERS)cells gain access
to circulation through new tumor-associated blood vessels or angiongesis
Mobile tumor cells are able to enter circulation (leakly newsly made blood vessels)
Once in circulation, cells must be able to withstand the physiological stress of travel
in the blood and lymphatic circulation
Sometimes they bind to blood platelets=protect themselves
What is adjuvant chemotherapy? - (ANSWERS)Adjuvant chemotherapy is an
approach to fighting cancer that combines different forms of healing. Chemotherapy
and radiation, or chemotherapy and surgery are used together. Usually the
chemotherapy will be used after all of the known and visible cancer has been
removed surgically or with radiation. Adjuvant chemotherapy aims to destroy
hidden cancer cells that remain but are undetectable.
Adjuvant means additional. Adjuvant chemotherapy is given to patients after
primary treatment, when the doctor thinks there is a high risk the cancer will return.
After a primary treatment of surgery or radiation, adjuvant chemotherapy reduces
the risk of recurrence. The elimination of undetectable microscopic cancer cells that
may have traveled to other parts of the body is the goal of adjuvant chemotherapy.
When adjuvant chemotherapy doesn't result in a full cure it does make the intervals
between a cancer relapse longer. Adjuvant chemotherapy typically begins within
three to five weeks of the surgical removal of the cancer and has different treatment
lengths depending on the cancer. For breast cancer, the adjuvant chemotherapy is
administered for three to nine months. In the case of colon cancer, treatment rarely
last more than six months.
Most common time childhood cancers are diagnosed? - (ANSWERS)Childhood and
adolescent cancers are often associated with specific peak times of physical growth
and may occur as a consequence altered cellular regulatory mechanisms at a given
, NU 545 UNIT 7 | LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
time in the child or adolescents development. Embryonal tumors most often develop
before the age of 5 years, acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs most often in
younger children, and bone tumors occur most often in adolescents.
DES exposure prenatally - (ANSWERS)Diethylstibestrol (DES) which was
prescribed by physicians to treat spontaneous miscarriage. Identified as a
transplacental chemical carcinogen because a small percentage of the daughters of
the women who took DES developed adenocarcinomas or the vagina and cervix.
Where do most childhood cancers arise from? - (ANSWERS)Most childhood and
adolescent cancers arise from the mesodermal germ layer that gives rise to the
connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle, blood, blood vessels, gonads, kidney, and
the lymphatic system. Leukemia and brain tumors account for 61% of childhood
cancers.
Pediatric cancers and the N-myc oncogene. - (ANSWERS)Oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes are associated with the development of childhood cancer. Proto-
oncogenes code for proteins that help regulate normal cell growth and
differentiation. If mutated, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes that help to turn
normal cells into cancer cells. Changes produced by specific oncogenes cause the
cell cycle to become dysregulated. An example of an oncogene identified in
pediatric cancer is N-myc,which is involved in neuroblastoma and glioblastoma.
Tumor-suppressor genes arise from genes that normally suppress cancer cell
proliferation but have lost their suppressor function, thus leading to uncontrolled
growth. Some childhood cancers identified with tumor-suppressor genes include
osteosarcoma, leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma, retinoblastoma, and Wilms tumor.
Gland responsible for thermoregulation and cooling? - (ANSWERS)The eccrine
sweat glands are distributed over the body, with the greatest numbers in the palms of
the hands, soles of the feet, and forehead. These secretions are important in
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
Describe the specific chromosomal abnormality responsible for Down Syndrome -
(ANSWERS)The most well known aneuploidy (those that do not contain a multiple
of 23 chromosomes) in an autosome is trisomy of the 21st chromosome. J. Langdon
Down 1st described the the disease in 1866. Down syndrome is seen in 1 in 800
births. IQ's between 25 and 70. Facial features: low nasal bridge, epicentral folds,
protruding tongue, and flat low set ears. Congenital heart defects in 1/3 to 1/2 of live
born children. Decreased ability to fight respiratory conditions and an increased
susceptibility to leukemia. By age 40 symptoms resembling Alzheimer develop.
97% of Down Syndrome's cases are caused by nondisjunction during the formation
of one of the parent's gametes or during early embryonic development. 3% from
translocations. Risk increases with maternal age.
Causes of mental retardation. - (ANSWERS)Chromosomal abnormalities.
What gene abnormality causes cystic fibrosis? - (ANSWERS)Like autosomal
dominant diseases, those caused by autosomal recessive alleles are rare in
populations, although the number of carriers for recessive diseases can be high. The
most common lethal recessive disease in white children, cystic fibrosis, occurs in
about 1 in 2500 births. Approximately 1 in 25 whites carries one copy of an allele
that can cause cystic fibrosis (see Chapter 36). Because an individual must be
homozygous for a recessive allele to express thedisease, the carriers are
phenotypically normal. Because most recessive alleles are maintained innormal
carriers, they are able to survive in the population from one generation to the next.
As with many autosomal dominant diseases, many autosomal recessive diseases are
characterized by delayed age of onset, incomplete penetrance, and variable
expressivity.
How is a recessive gene inherited? - (ANSWERS)Autosomal recessive diseases
occur when both parents are carriers of the same disease and their child inherits an
altered gene from each of them. Children of carrier parents have:A 25% chance of
, NU 545 UNIT 7 | LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
inheriting two altered genes and developing the disease.
Inheritance of Hemophilia A? - (ANSWERS)Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are
inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. The genes associated with these
conditions are located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex
chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of
the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X
chromosomes), a mutation would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause
the disorder. Because it is unlikely that females will have two altered copies of this
gene, it is very rare for females to have hemophilia. A characteristic of X-linked
inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.
Inheritance of Hemophilia A? - (ANSWERS)In X-linked recessive inheritance, a
female with one altered copy of the gene in each cell is called a carrier. Carrier
females have about half the usual amount of coagulation factor VIII or coagulation
factor IX, which is generally enough for normal blood clotting. However, about 10
percent of carrier females have less than half the normal amount of one of these
coagulation factors; these individuals are at risk for abnormal bleeding, particularly
after an injury, surgery, or tooth extraction.
Risk factors for DM II; why is obesity an important risk factor for DM II? -
(ANSWERS)An important risk factor is TCF7L2 which encodes a transcription
factor involved in the secretion of insulin. Another association has been found
between a common allele of the gene that incomes peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor gamma (PPAR-y), a nuclear receptor that is involved in adipocyte
differentiation and glucose metabolism. This receptor is the target of
thiazolidinediones (TZD's) a class of drugs commonly used to increase insulin
sensitivity in those with type 2 diabetes. The 2 most important risk factors for DM II
are positive family history and obesity; the latter increases insulin resistance.
, NU 545 UNIT 7 | LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
Definition of carcinoma - (ANSWERS)Cancer arising from in epithelial cells
How do cancer cells gain access to the circulation? - (ANSWERS)cells gain access
to circulation through new tumor-associated blood vessels or angiongesis
Mobile tumor cells are able to enter circulation (leakly newsly made blood vessels)
Once in circulation, cells must be able to withstand the physiological stress of travel
in the blood and lymphatic circulation
Sometimes they bind to blood platelets=protect themselves
What is adjuvant chemotherapy? - (ANSWERS)Adjuvant chemotherapy is an
approach to fighting cancer that combines different forms of healing. Chemotherapy
and radiation, or chemotherapy and surgery are used together. Usually the
chemotherapy will be used after all of the known and visible cancer has been
removed surgically or with radiation. Adjuvant chemotherapy aims to destroy
hidden cancer cells that remain but are undetectable.
Adjuvant means additional. Adjuvant chemotherapy is given to patients after
primary treatment, when the doctor thinks there is a high risk the cancer will return.
After a primary treatment of surgery or radiation, adjuvant chemotherapy reduces
the risk of recurrence. The elimination of undetectable microscopic cancer cells that
may have traveled to other parts of the body is the goal of adjuvant chemotherapy.
When adjuvant chemotherapy doesn't result in a full cure it does make the intervals
between a cancer relapse longer. Adjuvant chemotherapy typically begins within
three to five weeks of the surgical removal of the cancer and has different treatment
lengths depending on the cancer. For breast cancer, the adjuvant chemotherapy is
administered for three to nine months. In the case of colon cancer, treatment rarely
last more than six months.
Most common time childhood cancers are diagnosed? - (ANSWERS)Childhood and
adolescent cancers are often associated with specific peak times of physical growth
and may occur as a consequence altered cellular regulatory mechanisms at a given
, NU 545 UNIT 7 | LATEST UPDATED| REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED
A+
time in the child or adolescents development. Embryonal tumors most often develop
before the age of 5 years, acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs most often in
younger children, and bone tumors occur most often in adolescents.
DES exposure prenatally - (ANSWERS)Diethylstibestrol (DES) which was
prescribed by physicians to treat spontaneous miscarriage. Identified as a
transplacental chemical carcinogen because a small percentage of the daughters of
the women who took DES developed adenocarcinomas or the vagina and cervix.
Where do most childhood cancers arise from? - (ANSWERS)Most childhood and
adolescent cancers arise from the mesodermal germ layer that gives rise to the
connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle, blood, blood vessels, gonads, kidney, and
the lymphatic system. Leukemia and brain tumors account for 61% of childhood
cancers.
Pediatric cancers and the N-myc oncogene. - (ANSWERS)Oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes are associated with the development of childhood cancer. Proto-
oncogenes code for proteins that help regulate normal cell growth and
differentiation. If mutated, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes that help to turn
normal cells into cancer cells. Changes produced by specific oncogenes cause the
cell cycle to become dysregulated. An example of an oncogene identified in
pediatric cancer is N-myc,which is involved in neuroblastoma and glioblastoma.
Tumor-suppressor genes arise from genes that normally suppress cancer cell
proliferation but have lost their suppressor function, thus leading to uncontrolled
growth. Some childhood cancers identified with tumor-suppressor genes include
osteosarcoma, leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma, retinoblastoma, and Wilms tumor.
Gland responsible for thermoregulation and cooling? - (ANSWERS)The eccrine
sweat glands are distributed over the body, with the greatest numbers in the palms of
the hands, soles of the feet, and forehead. These secretions are important in
