NR 507: ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM EXAM GUIDE IN-DEPTH WELL
ANALYSED QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
Asthma ANSWER >> Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma ANSWER >> coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
1
,Pathophysiology of asthma (5) ANSWER >> -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles ANSWER >> smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles ANSWER >> innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria ANSWER >> the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria ANSWER >> embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria ANSWER >> white blood cells are present to help protect
the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma ANSWER >> the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
2
, What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain ANSWER >> columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain ANSWER >> smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do ANSWER >> control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation ANSWER >> When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like
it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? ANSWER >> the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar ANSWER >> -expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma ANSWER >> tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? ANSWER >> These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma ANSWER >> the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
3
MIDTERM EXAM GUIDE IN-DEPTH WELL
ANALYSED QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
Asthma ANSWER >> Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma ANSWER >> coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
1
,Pathophysiology of asthma (5) ANSWER >> -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-
reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles ANSWER >> smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles ANSWER >> innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria ANSWER >> the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria ANSWER >> embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria ANSWER >> white blood cells are present to help protect
the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma ANSWER >> the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
2
, What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain ANSWER >> columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain ANSWER >> smooth muscle
cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do ANSWER >> control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation ANSWER >> When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like
it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? ANSWER >> the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar ANSWER >> -expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma ANSWER >> tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? ANSWER >> These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma ANSWER >> the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
3
