ANA 209 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
13. what are chemoreceptors - ANSWER organ/cell specialized to respond to chemicals
[odor, taste, body fluid composition]
13. what do central chemoreceptors respond to - ANSWER changes in pH of
cerebrospinal fluid
13. what are central chemoreceptors: - ANSWER brainstem neurons
13. where are central chemoreceptors located - ANSWER concentrated on each side of
the medulla oblongata [approx. 0.2mm beneath anterior surface]
13. what are peripheral chemoreceptors: - ANSWER aortic bodies and carotid bodies
13. what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to: - ANSWER changes in O2 and CO2
content and blood pH
13. where are carotid bodies located - ANSWER in carotid body
13. where are aortic bodies locatede are aortic bodies located - ANSWER in aortic arch
,13. how do carotid bodies communicate - ANSWER glossopharyngeal nerves
13. how do aortic bodies communicate - ANSWER medulla by way of vague nerve
13. how do higher brain centers communicate - ANSWER Feed into pontine respiratory
group (PRG), dorsal respiratory group (DRG), and spinal cord integrating centers.
13. what is the ventral respiratory group: - ANSWER primary pacemaker of respiratory
rhythm
13. what is the Dorsal respiratory group: - ANSWER integrating center receiving input
form pontine respiratory group, central and peripheral chemoreceptors, stretch and
irritant receptors in lungs; issues output to VGR to modify breathing rhythm
13. what is the Pontine respiratory group: - ANSWER nucleus in pons, receives input from
higher brain centers, outputs to DRG and VRG; makes breathing faster or slower,
shallower or deeper, adapting to circumstances
13. what are the 3 higher brain centers - ANSWER Limbic system, hypothalamus, cerebral
cortex
13. how does the limbic system influence respiration - ANSWER input for conscious
control (holding breath)
,13. how does the Hypothalamus influence respiration - ANSWER emotional influence
§
(gasping, crying, laughing)
13. how does the Cerebral cortex influence respiration - ANSWER anxiety and
hyperventilation (rapid breathing for excess physiological need)
13. pathway for voluntary respiration - ANSWER Signals for voluntary control over
breathing travel down corticospinal tracts to respiratory neurons in spinal cord -
BYPASSES brainstem
14. what is the Prime mover of pulmonary ventilation - ANSWER diaphragm
14. when does the diaphragm pulls down and enlarges thoracic cavity - ANSWER
contraction/inhalation
14. when does the diaphragm relaxes (flattens) - ANSWER Expiration
14. what muscles elevate ribs during inhalation - ANSWER Internal intercostal muscles:
14. what muscles depress ribs, narrow thoracic cavity during exhalation - ANSWER
Internal intercostal muscles:
14. what muscles wide thoracic cavity during inhalation - ANSWER · External intercostal
muscles:
, 14. what (2) muscles depresses lower ribs, push diaphragm upward, compress abdominal
organs - ANSWER Rectus abdominis and external abdominal oblique
15. location of epiglottis - ANSWER
15. what is the epiglottis - ANSWER a flap of tissue
15. what at rest, it stands vertically, but when swallowing, it is in charge of closing the
airway and directing food and drink into the esophagus - ANSWER epiglottis
16. What the purpose of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea? - ANSWER The
cartilaginous rings reinforce the trachea and keep it from collapsing when you inhale
17. what is:
o Most common chronic respiratory illness of children
o Allergic reaction to airborne antigens/allergens that stimulate bronchoconstriction and
airway inflammation
o Sever coughing, wheezing, sometimes suffocation - ANSWER asthma
17. what is a disorder where there is longer obstruction of airflow and substantial
reduction in pulmonary ventilation - ANSWER COPDs
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
13. what are chemoreceptors - ANSWER organ/cell specialized to respond to chemicals
[odor, taste, body fluid composition]
13. what do central chemoreceptors respond to - ANSWER changes in pH of
cerebrospinal fluid
13. what are central chemoreceptors: - ANSWER brainstem neurons
13. where are central chemoreceptors located - ANSWER concentrated on each side of
the medulla oblongata [approx. 0.2mm beneath anterior surface]
13. what are peripheral chemoreceptors: - ANSWER aortic bodies and carotid bodies
13. what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to: - ANSWER changes in O2 and CO2
content and blood pH
13. where are carotid bodies located - ANSWER in carotid body
13. where are aortic bodies locatede are aortic bodies located - ANSWER in aortic arch
,13. how do carotid bodies communicate - ANSWER glossopharyngeal nerves
13. how do aortic bodies communicate - ANSWER medulla by way of vague nerve
13. how do higher brain centers communicate - ANSWER Feed into pontine respiratory
group (PRG), dorsal respiratory group (DRG), and spinal cord integrating centers.
13. what is the ventral respiratory group: - ANSWER primary pacemaker of respiratory
rhythm
13. what is the Dorsal respiratory group: - ANSWER integrating center receiving input
form pontine respiratory group, central and peripheral chemoreceptors, stretch and
irritant receptors in lungs; issues output to VGR to modify breathing rhythm
13. what is the Pontine respiratory group: - ANSWER nucleus in pons, receives input from
higher brain centers, outputs to DRG and VRG; makes breathing faster or slower,
shallower or deeper, adapting to circumstances
13. what are the 3 higher brain centers - ANSWER Limbic system, hypothalamus, cerebral
cortex
13. how does the limbic system influence respiration - ANSWER input for conscious
control (holding breath)
,13. how does the Hypothalamus influence respiration - ANSWER emotional influence
§
(gasping, crying, laughing)
13. how does the Cerebral cortex influence respiration - ANSWER anxiety and
hyperventilation (rapid breathing for excess physiological need)
13. pathway for voluntary respiration - ANSWER Signals for voluntary control over
breathing travel down corticospinal tracts to respiratory neurons in spinal cord -
BYPASSES brainstem
14. what is the Prime mover of pulmonary ventilation - ANSWER diaphragm
14. when does the diaphragm pulls down and enlarges thoracic cavity - ANSWER
contraction/inhalation
14. when does the diaphragm relaxes (flattens) - ANSWER Expiration
14. what muscles elevate ribs during inhalation - ANSWER Internal intercostal muscles:
14. what muscles depress ribs, narrow thoracic cavity during exhalation - ANSWER
Internal intercostal muscles:
14. what muscles wide thoracic cavity during inhalation - ANSWER · External intercostal
muscles:
, 14. what (2) muscles depresses lower ribs, push diaphragm upward, compress abdominal
organs - ANSWER Rectus abdominis and external abdominal oblique
15. location of epiglottis - ANSWER
15. what is the epiglottis - ANSWER a flap of tissue
15. what at rest, it stands vertically, but when swallowing, it is in charge of closing the
airway and directing food and drink into the esophagus - ANSWER epiglottis
16. What the purpose of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea? - ANSWER The
cartilaginous rings reinforce the trachea and keep it from collapsing when you inhale
17. what is:
o Most common chronic respiratory illness of children
o Allergic reaction to airborne antigens/allergens that stimulate bronchoconstriction and
airway inflammation
o Sever coughing, wheezing, sometimes suffocation - ANSWER asthma
17. what is a disorder where there is longer obstruction of airflow and substantial
reduction in pulmonary ventilation - ANSWER COPDs
